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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Shelfy.L.WH^ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 





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THE , 

HAND-BOOK of TAKIGRAFY. 



GIVING BRIEFIiY THE 



PRINCIPLES OF THE CONTRACTED STYLE, 



AND DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF 



AMANUENSES 



VERBATIM REPORTERS. 



INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON THE SIMPLE STYLE. 
BY r 

DAVID PHILIP LINDSLEY, 

Author of " The Elements,'' " The Manual,'' " The Notetaker,'' etc. 



SECOND EDITION. 



CHICAGO: 
D. KIMBALL, PUBLISHER, 83 MADISON STREET. 

1884. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by 

D. P, LINDSLEY, 
m the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. 



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PREFACE. 

The following work is the first complete treatise on the new 
short-hand, Takigrafy. In its simpler form Takigraf y has been 
widely known, and is widely used ; and the Contracted Style, 
though previously but partially published, is used in all parts 
of the country. The Note-Taker was published in 1873 and 
Part I of the Reporter in 1880. The plates of both these works 
were destroyed in the Park Row fire of January 1882, so that 
the Hand-Book is now the only work on the Contracted Style 
of Takigrafy. The principles of the entire system have been 
condensed into this work ; but as the Simple Style is treated 
very briefly, the student is advised to master that style prac- 
tically by a study of either the Elements or Manual, as a prep- 
aration for the study of this work. 

Commencing with the Contracted Style, the system is given 
in detail, and will be found a complete and sufficient guide to 
reporting practice. Ample illustrations of the principles are 
given, (engraved in the Takgrafic character,) and the writing 
exercises, to which the student is especially referred, furnish 
more complete instruction for forming the outlines. 

No one can feel more keenly than the author, the inadequacy 
of even the best of text-books in an art of such wide and widen- 
ing influence. The uses of short-hand writing are becoming 
so varied that it is no longer possible to treat of them fully 
in a single volume. The different branches of strictly profes- 
sional work require a special treatise. Very much time 
has been squandered by young writers in learning outlines for 
words and phrases that they were quite sure never to meet 
again after their course of study was completed. Perhaps 



Preface. 



this cannot be avoided altogether, but the author has thought 
it advisable in this work to avoid technical and sgientific terms, 
leaving them to be taken up as an after course, when the pupil 
has settled down upon some special line of reporting practice. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

Many of the contractions used in the Reporting Style of 
Takigrafy are taken from the Phonography of Isaac Pitman, 
Esq., of Bath, England, as enlarged and improved by the 
experience of many writers. Takigrafy having added many 
forms of contraction peculiarly its own, has also been greatly 
enriched by those who have used it professionally during the 
last fifteen years, and has aimed to incorporate everything of 
excellence that the combined experience of both Takigrafers 
and Phonographers have furnished during a period of more 
than forty years. 

Among those who have contributed to the perfection of the 
Reporting Style of Takigrafy, are Mr. D. Kimball, Chicago, 
HI., who gave his personal services to the art for many 
years, and who introduced it extensively in the Western States ; 
Adley H. Cummings, Law Reporter, San Francisco, Cal. ; 
C. H. Herrick, Galveston, Texas ; Arthur M. May, W^aukon, 
Iowa, and E. B. Goodrich, Ypsilanti, Mich., (Ofacial Court 
Reporter) ; Rev. W. A. Yingling, Findlay, Ohio ; Rev. J. H. 
Childs, Wenham, Mass. ; and many others. 

The author cannot, however, agree with those who suppose 
that the art has reached its fullest measure of perfection. 
It is doubtless capable of still further advances ; but these 
advances must be made by conserving the excellences already 
made practical. The authors of systems on other bases, differ- 
ing from the Phonographic and Takigrafic, have contributed 
nothing, and, from the nature of the case, can hardly con- 
tribute anything to the general result. 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction. 

Page Sect. 

The Value and Use of Shorthand — — 5 

The Peculiar Advantages of Takigrafy 6 

Previous Works on Takigrafy 7 

Preparation for the Study of this Work 9 

Length of Time Required to Master the Art 11 

The Scope of the Present Work 11 

The Magnitude of the Reporter's Profession 12 

Simple Style, Chapter I.— Alphabet. 15 

The Consonant Letters,— how written 1 

The Joining of the Consonants,— General Principles 2 

The Vocal Signs,— their Uses 3 

General Principles of Joining Vocal Signs 4 

•Disjoined Vocals 5 

The use of the Variable Letters 6 

Position of Outlines , 7 

DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS.-The TFa-Series 8 

Compounds of the ^^and J.r-Series 9, 10 

The /S-Circle Series, 11 

'' " used Medially 12 

" *' before the Compounds of the ^^-and ^r-Series 13 

Long Sign Es " " " 13 

The Terminations ion, ier, ure, Sc ; 14 

Shortened Forms used in the Simple Style 15 

Reading Lesson in Simple Style, — Sermon on the Mount 28 

Contracted Style, Chapter I.— Word-Signs. 29 

Classes of Word-Signs 16 

Table of Word-Signs SO-36 

Reading Lesson 1,— Exercise on the Y^^ord-Signs 37 

Key to Reading Lesson 1 38 

Writing Exercise 1 38-39 

Chapter II.— Extended Use of the ^Z-and 

^r-HooK Signs. 40 

Additional Signs of the ^^hook Series 17 

Large Initial Hooks on the Straight Stems 18 

" " Hook on Ve and £Jf 19 

Zhe and Zher used for Ja and Jer 20 



Contents. 



3liscellaneous Compounds, Emp, El-r, Bel, Arch, Arj 21 

Use of the Compound Signs, General Principles 22 

1 he Tick used for Ha, Viha and Final y 23 

Reading Lesson 2,— 45 

Writing Exercise 2 and 3 46-48 

Chapter III.— The Use of the Circle and the 
Double Circle. 49 

The Circle before Ea, Wa and Ha 24 

Es before the Compounds of the El Series, and Ja and Cha 25 

Circle before the Compounds of the Ar Series 26 

The Circle used for Ze 27 

Vocalization of words containing the Circle, &c 28 

The Circle used on the Vocal Signs 29 

The Double sized Circle 30 

The Circle and Long Sign 31 

Reading Lesson 3, — 56 

Writing Exercises 4 and 5 57-59 

Chapter lY.—St and Str Loops. 60 

The St Loop 32, 33 

The Str Loop , 34 

Circles and Loops 35 

Reading Lesson 4,— 63 

Writing Exercise 6 64-65 

Chapter V.— The Use of the Final Hooks. 66 

The ^/i-Hook. 36, 37 

The Shon-Uook 38 

Special Use of the Shon-lloo's. 39 

The Fe-Hook 40 

Reading Lesson 5,— 70 

Writing Exercises 7 and 8 71-72 

Chapter YI.— Shortened Letters. 73 

Half -Length Letters 41, 42 

Shortened Stems having Final Hooks 43 

Reading Lesson 6,— Gold 76 

Writing Exercises 9 and 10 77-79 

Chapter VII.— Lengthened Curves. 80 

Double-Length Curves 44 

Lengthened Up-strokes 45 

Double-Lengths, and other forms of Contraction 46 

Treble-Length Curves 47 

Treble-Length Ra, Wa, Ha and Wha 48 

Reading Lesson 7,— Execution of John Brown, &c 84 

Writing Exercise 11 85-86 



Contents. 



Chapter VIII.— Prefixes. 87 

Simple Prefix Signs 49 

Contra, Coiuiter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, With 50 

Extra-i-u, Ex and Exter, &c 51 

Im, In, Intra-e-i-o-u and Intrans 52 

Other Prefixes and Prefix-Syllables 53 

The Prefix Ad before Ve and Ja, 91 

The Compound Prefixes 54 

Reading Lesson 8,— Modern Republics 92 

Writing Exercises 12, 13 and 14 93-96 

Chapter IX.— Affix Signs. 97 

Table of Affix Signs 55 

The use of the Affixes 56 

Other Affix Syllables 57 

Repeated Letters in Initial Syllables 58 

Reading Lesson 9,— National Character, 102 

Writing Exercise 15 103-1, 4 

Chapter X.— Phrase Signs. 105 

General Directions for Phrase Writing 59-60 

■ Table of Simple Phrase-Signs, with Key 106-107 

Regularly Contracted Phrases, with Key 108-109 

Phrases Irregularly Contracted, with Key — 110-111 

Miscellaneous Phrase- Signs, —with Key 112-113 

Reading Lesson 10,— Labor— Carlyle 114 

Writing Exercises 16 and 17 115-117 

" " 18 Motion of the Heavenly Bodies,— Dick 118 

Chapter XI.— Analogy and Eugraphy. 119 

The Laws of Analogy 63 

Syllabication : 64 

Eugraphy 65 

Requirements of Speed. 66 

The Nature of the Angles 67 

The Homogeneousness of the Curves 68 

Lineality and Phrasing 69 

Requirements of Legibility = , . , 70 

Reading Lesson 11,— Mystery , 128 

Writuig Exercises 19 and 20 129-131 

" " 21 A Universal Alphabet 132 

Chapter XII.— Miscellaneous Contractions. 133 

Consonant Letters Omitted 71 

Additional and Duplicate Word-Signs 134-135 

Derivative Word-Signs— with Key 136-137 

Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline,— with Key 138-141 

Special Methods of Abbreviation,- Initial Letters 74 

Transcription 75 



Contents. 



Punctuation 76 

Aids 77 

Concluding Instructions , 78 

Reading Lesson 32,— The Launching of the Ship 146 

" " Our Countries Future 147 

" " The Love of Power 148 

Writing Exercise 22, Writing— Writing Well 149 

" "^ '' 23 The Armor of Eric .....151 

" " 24 Freedom and Patriotism 153 

Reading Lesson.— Psalms, Chap. 19 154 

" " Isaiah, Chap. 64 155 

'* " Specimens of Business Letters, with Key 156-157 

" *' Law Reporting.— Testimony,— with Key 158-159 

" *' Lawyers Plea 160-161 

" " Indian Picture Writing,— Hiawatha, 162 

" " Expression of Thought,— Channing 163 

*' " Declaration of Independence,— with Key 164-167 

*' Extract from Paradise Lost 168 




INTEODUCTION. 



The Value and Use of Short-Hand Writing. 

Of the use of Short- Hand Writing in making verbatim re- 
ports of speeches, conventions, law cases, &c., little need, at 
this late day, be said. Its great importance for such purposes 
is universally conceded. 

Quite recently a demand for the art has sprung up in busi- 
ness circles. It has been introduced into our leading business 
establishments of almost all kinds, railroad, telegraph, and 
express offices, and bids fair at the present time to greatly 
relieve and assist the labors of the pen in every department of 
business. 

But there is a still wider field open for cultivation in which 
short-hand writing has not, as generally taught, been success- 
ful. Though great expectations were entertained thirty or 
forty years ago of the success of the old English Phonography, 
for these general purposes, and for all the uses of writing 
purely literary and professional work is still mainly done in 
the old way. Editors, authors, lawyers, and clergymen still 
continue to use the common writing. The immense amount 
of matter which finds its way into our books, magazines, 
newspapers, &c. is still written in the common way, as well aa 
correspondence for business and social purposes, except as 
dictated to amanuenses, which, taken in the aggregate, forms 
an amount of written matter entirely incalculable. It is ques- 
tionable whether the millions of tons of freight that choke the 
avenues of our internal trade — that burden our rail-roads, 
canals and coast lines — is as extensive or as important, as the 
mental products that need record and transportation in o ur 
advancing civilization. It is quite impossible that a people 
with the most magnificent opportunities, and the grandest 
providential destiny, at this time, when moral forces are all- 

5 



6 The Hand-Book 

controlling, can consent to have the avenues of thought clogged 
up, while facilities for material development are abundant and 
ever increasing. That the art of short-hand will enter into 
and occupy this vast field is certain, and it will save at least 
three-fourths the time and a much larger percentage of the 
labor of writing. 

One reason of the neglect of short-hand heretofore is that 
most of the current systems are adapted only to the reporter 
or amanuensis. If the experience of the past forty years has 
demonstrated anything in reference to the art, it has shown that 
a style cannot be adapted to universal use, and to reporting and 
amanuensis purposes at the same time. If short-hand writing 
is to be generally introduced it can only be by teaching a style 
universally practical. It must be simple enough to be easily 
acquired and perfectly legible in its simplest form, and yet 
so flexible as to be easily contracted into a briefer form for 
reporting purposes. 

The Peculiar Advantages of Takigrafy. 
For all the uses mentioned above, Takigrafy is adapted. It 
has a fully written style suitable for correspondence and for 
recording business transactions, capable of taking the place of 
long-hand for all purposes. Built on this style as a foundation, 
is the Contracted Style, adapted to all the wants of the pro- 
fessional short-hand writer. This Contracted Style is capable 
of a greater or less degree of condensation. There is no as- 
signable limit to the degree of brevity that may be secured, 
though in every kind of writing there is a limit to the degree 
of contraction practically useful. The Simple Style raay also 
be written with a greater or less degree of fullness. It may be 
written with as much minuteness and accuracy as our com- 
mon long-hand writing, (silent letters only being omitted,) or 
it may be written, as it generally is, by the introduction of a 
few of the most frequently recurring word-signs, and an 
omission of obscure and unaccented vowels, thus rendering 
even the Simple Style capable of being written with great 
rapidity. And yet it will be seen that these two styles, with 
their variations, are so closely related as to form one and the 
same system. In its adaptations then, to all of the uses of 



OF Takigrafy. 



-writing, Takigrafy stands alone ; and yet, each style is as 

perfectly adapted to the use for which it is intended as it 

could possibly be, if there were, as in Phonography, but one 

style. 

Previous Works on takigrafy. 

The Simple Style was first published in The Compendiura 
of Tachygraph}^ in 1864, and more fully elaborated in the Ele- 
ments, published ia 1869 ; but the Contracted Style was not 
published until 1873 and then only partially as given in the 
Note-Taker. 

The Note-Taker was not designed to serve professional 
reporters ; but, primarily, students in our colleges and semi- 
naries who might wish a briefer style than that taught 
in the Elements. The Note-Taker, supplemented by con- 
tractions published from time to time in the Rapid Writer and 
TaJcigrafer, was used by young men and young ladies am- 
bitious to take positions as amanuenses, or verbatim reporters ; 
but the Reporting Style of Takigrafy was taught only by means 
of private instruction and manuscripts, and hundreds of pupils 
acquired it in this way. Meantime it was held, as an article 
of faith, by certain publishers and their friends that Takigrafy 
had no reporting style. The fact that those using the art 
professionally were found in nearly all our cities throughout 
the Northern, Middle, and Western states, and on the Pacific 
coast, was ignored by these men, who saw in the Simple Style 
of Takigrafy a formidable rival. They sought to hinder the 
progress of one of the most beneficent inventions of the age, 
by pretending that it was deficient in its adaptation to the 
wants of professional reporters. 

The author of Takigrafy was not in haste to repel this injus- 
tice. While not indifferent to the wants of the few who 
wished to become professional w^riters, he regarded it as much 
more important that the ^Simple Style should be widely intro- 
duced and practiced, and if, by the eclipse of the art for a time 
in its adaptation to reporting, he could make its use for liter- 
ary and business purposes more apparent, he was v/illing to 

*Some may wlsli to know the measure of success which the author has 
met with in the introduction of the Simple Style of Takigrafy. It is impos- 
sible to give full statistics on the subject ; but an approximate estimate may 



The Hand-Book 



wait for a vindication of the briefer style, — a vindication 
easily made when the proper time for it arrived. There were, 
it is true, many who thought that the publication of the art 
in its briefest form was essential to its introduction for general 
uses. Perhaps they were right in this, as hundreds, possibly 
thousands of persons, turned away from Takigrafy w^ho were 
attracted by its simplicity, bnt who were led to believe that, if 
they found the art adapted to their use in its simple form, 

be made, based on the number of text books sold. So far as we may judge 
from this, ten persons have learned the Simple Style of Takigrafy for every 
one that has learned the Contracted. This proportion in^ favor of the Simple 
Style is much less than it should be ; for the Simple Style is adapted to 
the wants of at least a hundred times as many as need a Eeporting Style ; 
and we have no doubt that, when its capabilities for usefulness are clearly 
understood, literary and business men generally will avail themselves of 
its use. There has been a protracted effort to prejudice the public mind 
on this subject, by creating an impression that a style was of no value what- 
ever that could be written only at the rate of a hundred words a minute. 
The insincerity of this pretense will be seen from the following considerations. 

1st. The Corresponding Style of Phonography, which some publishers even 
yet attempt to make prominent, has never reached that rate of speed, and 
seldom reaches a speed of more than fifty words a minute. 

2nd. A speed of one hundred words a minute, or even a speed of eighty or 
ninety words is a very great advance in labor-saving over the speed of 
twenty to thirty words, which may be considered the maximum of ordinary 
business writing. 

3rd. If to treble the rate of speed in writing is of small-account, why should 
we boast of our ability to treble our rate of speed in travelling. The old 
stage coaches ran on good roads at the rate of ten miles an hour, while our 
modern railroads scarcely reach thirty miles an hour in their ordinary traffic. 
To do three hours work in one will not be regarded by sensible men as an 
unimportant advantage. 

4th. But even this does not measure the full advantage of the Simple 
Style of Takigrafy, for while it saves two-thirds of the time it saves a far 
greater proportion of the labor of writing. This is also comparable to the 
advantage gained by the rail-car over the stage-coach tor we not only 
travel with more rapidity but with more ease and comfort. 

5th. But the most important consideration is the fact that, for all ordi- 
nary purposes, the Simple Style of Takigraphy is as brief as is compatible 
with legibility and simplicity. 

No other system has ever approximated this rate of speed in any prac- 
tical form. The same classes of pupils that in Takigrafy write from sixty 
to one-hundred words in a minute, after three or four months of practice, 
write in Phonography only half as fast or from thirty to fifty words ; 
hence, the insincerity of objectors is apparent, and the enthusiasm of the 
multitudes who regard this style as the great literary, business, and social 



OF Takigrafx. 



they might, at some future time, be embarrassed by not being 
able to go on to the full perfection of a finished and elaborate 
reporting style. This fear was entirely without foundation 
as, Takigrafy was from the very first, able to appropriate all 
the forms of contraction used by Phonographers, besides 
having resources of its own, peculiar and important. 
The Preparation for the Study of this Work. 
A thorough mastery of the Simple Style of Takigrafy as 
taught in the Manual and Elements, is the best preparation 

desideratum of the times, is fully justified. This style, and this alone, is 
capable of transforming the writing of our entire people. There is no 
form of business to which it is not applicable, there are no social or literarj^ 
purposes for which it cannot be used ; and ii I am told that there is still one 
impediment in the path of its progress, namely, that people generally do 
not understand it, and therefore cannot read it, I reply that this impediment 
can be removed with perfect ease, and within the space of less than ten 
years, by united effort in that direction. Taught in our schools of every 
grade from the infant class up, it can be reduced to practice in one-half of 
the time required to master the common long hand. More than this, it can 
be taught without impeding, in the slightest degree, any other branch of 
study. It can be taught in such a way as to save, rather than consume time, 
even in the process of imparting a knowledge of its rudiments. Pupils 
must be taught the phonology of the language. They can be taught it by 
this means in a small fraction of the time required by the usual method, 
and by the time this important branch of an English education is under- 
stood, the pupil is already a ready writer of Takigrafy, with command of 
this wonderful art. 

It would be easy, of course, to discover other difficulties. What line of 
human progress have ever been without them ? Never was a beneficent 
invention more free from real impediments in its introduction, while, per- 
haps, none have been more thoroughly barricaded by fancied ones. 

We have thought it necessary to make these remarks on the Simple Style 
lest some should infer from our silence that we had abandoned the labor of 
twenty years in despair, and sank down to the low level of Stenography, 
where the Phonographic writers arrived long ago. Having lost the inspira- 
tion of its first introduction, Phonography aims only at an improved form 
of Stenography ; and its professors, wrapping themselves up in professional 
dignity, and perched upon a high and ahnost inaccessible crag, beckon 
students upward to their own isolated position, weU knowing that only 
one in a hundred of the aspirants will succeed. 

The author determined long ago to place the art of short-hand writiag on 
an honest basis, and it is with no little satisfaction that he has found among 
his friends staunch defenders of every humane and moral movement. 
That the good work will go forward to a speedy and glorious success he has 
not a particle of doubt. 



10 The Hand-Book 

for a study of this work. It has been objected by some that 
it is a disadvantage for those who desire to become reporters, 
to use the longer forms of the Simple Style since they must 
be unlearned as the student proceeds in the study of the art. 

There is doubtless some truth in this suggestion, so far at 
least as it applies to the words of most frequent occurrence ; . 
but the student should not overlook the very important fact 
that the principles of contraction apply at most to only a few 
thousand words, while a far greater number of words are of 
very infrequent occurrence, and must be written in full 
if they are to be made entirely legible. Now, if the student 
has never learned the Simple style, or has passed over it 
hastily, without reducing it to practice, these uncommon 
words, technical terms, and proper names of persons and 
places, which have no assignable limit in number, are con- 
tinual sources of embarrassment. Words of frequent occur- 
rence, for which the student has contracted forms, may be 
mastered in time, anu buccessfully used ; but unusual, techni- 
cal and proper names, can never be fully mastered, being 
too numerous for special study and drill. On the other hand, 
the student who has reduced the Simple Style of Takigrafy 
thoroughly to practice, can write any word in the language 
with ease and fluency. He is already master of the class of 
words of which we have spoken, and when he has learned the 
principles of the Contracted style, in their application to the 
three or four thousand words of frequent occurrence, he be- 
comes speedily a successful writer. This is not mere theory ; 
experience in teaching hundreds of pupils confirms it. We 
have never known a single instance in our experience in 
teaching, nor has an instance been brought to our notice, in 
which a student has found any marked advantage in the 
neglect of the Simple Style ; while multitudes of persons have 
expressed their regret for having neglected it, for the reasons 
stated above. As a universal rule those students succeed 
soonest, and become the best writers, who master the Simple 
Style most perfectly before commencing the Contracted. 
If any gentlemen are pleased to amuse themselves, and 
those over whom they have influence, by decrying this 
method of study, their objections are certainly based on no 



OF Takiorafy^. 11 

sufficient grounds. We liave said that, to a limited extent,, the 
unlearning of longer forms for words of frequent occurrence, 
may be a disadvantage : but this difficulty may be easily met 
by introducing the ptipil at an early stage of his progress to 
the word signs, which he can use, in connection with the 
.Simple Style, until he is thoroughly grounded in the principles 
of the art. and can write from seventy to one hundred words 
a minute. He will then be prepared to take up the study of 
the second part of this work, and will pas.^ through it with 
rapidity and success. 

The Length of Tizdx Required to AIa.ster the Aet. 
This will differ very much with different persons, and will 
depend upon the method of study and attending circum- 
.stances. Those able to give it their full attention under the 
guide of a comx>etent teacher, can master the Simple Style in 
six or seven weeks, and the Conn-acted Style in three months. 
This is the length of time given to the study in the Plain field 
School of Takigrafy, and is beheved to l>e sufficient in most 
cases. 

The Scope of the Presext Wore:. 

The author presents the work to his friends and the public 
with great pleasure. Though far enough from being com- 
plete, and capable of still further advances toward perfection, 
still it is. in all respects, adapted to the wants of ijrofessional 
writers. In practice all professions tower far above the text 
books which teach their elementary princiijles. 'So reporter 
is exT)ected to be limited to any one exposition of principles, no 
matter how excellent, any more than a professional man is 
exijected to be limited to the tenets of one school : but as pro- 
fessional men preteT to associate in societies, and maintain 
certain principles which are beheved to rje superior, so short- 
hand writers prefer to associate for mutual advantage. And 
they liave as wide a field as ^Titers of Takigrafy as they can 
have as writers of any other system. They are near enough to 
the Phonographic standards to appropriate anything that they 
may find of excellence in them ^vith the same facihty that 
they could if disciples of any one of the numerous and con- 
flictinp: svstems kno^vn under this common name. 



12 The Hand-Book 

The Magnitude of the Eeporter's Profession. 

We have said that the exigencies of the reporter's profession 
carry him far beyond the text books. This should not be won- 
dered at, for this practice partakes of the magnitude of all 
other professions combined. In Law reporting the scribe has 
all the variety of practice that comes with the almost infinite 
variety of the subjects discussed and treated ; and yet the 
Medical or Scientific reporter will come upon still other classes 
of words and phrases, and every branch of science has its own 
technical terms, and its own peculiar phraseology. The ever 
widening spheres of business activity present, many pecu- 
liarities, and each business calls for some culture in the art 
peculiarly its own, as for instance, the Railroad, Express and 
Insurance businesses. It was impossible in this work to enter 
into these specialties without making it too heavy for the use 
intended ; though some Exercises adapted to professional 
work are appended by way of illustration. The author designs, 
however, to prepare another work, or, possibly, more than 
one, in which the principles of Takigraf y will be applied more 
specifically to special branches of the reporter's work. In- 
struction in these special branches will also be found in the 
Short-hand Writer, which aims to be the exponent of the needs 
of professional writers. 

No complete work in any branch of reporting has yet ap- 
peared in any system. Some have treated partially of law re- 
reporting, yet this branch, the best known of any, is still very 
poorly developed, even in the systems which boast of their 
''standard" qualities and their " complete"ness. What is 
done well in any system which is constructed on the basis 
common to Phonography and Takigrafy, is an aid to all ; and 
Takigrafers, while doing their part, will hail with joy every 
real advancement made in the art. 



DEFINITIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY. 



Tachygraphy (now written as pronounced, Ta-kig-ra-fy.) 
— Greek tachus, rapid ; and graphe, writing, — rapid writing. 

Phonography. — Greek phone, sound, or voice, and graphe 
writing ; — the writing of the sounds of the human voice. 
Any kind of character that assumes to express the elements of 
spoken language. In a more restricted sense the system of 
short-hand writing invented by Mr Isaac Pitman of England, 
and the systems derived from it. 

Phonetic, or Phonic. — Greek jp/ione, voice, — pertaining to 
the expression of the sounds of the voice in language. A pho- 
netic system of writing is one which expresses the sounds of 
speech, as nearly all languages assume to do. 

Calligraphy ikal-Ug-ra-fy), — Greek kalligraphia, fine or 
beautiful writing. 

EuGRAPHY. — Greek eugraphe, correct writing. 

Consonant ALS and Vocals. — The short-hand letters which 
represent the consonant sounds are called consonantals. Those 
representing vowels, are called vocals, or vocal signs. 

Outline — Word-form. — The form a word assumes when 
vrritten with the short-hand characters. 

Manner of holding the Pen. 

Sold the pen between the first and second fingers and thumb, 
the penholder pointing well to the right. The nibs of the pen 
should press evenly on the paper, so that the letters can be 
made smoothly. The pen can be rolled slightly so as to adjust 
it to the varying directions of the letters. 

A good steel pen is generally to be preferred. Never use a 
pencil for practice, 

13 



14 The Hand-Book 

On Preparing the Writing Exercises. 

The attention of the student is called especially to the wri- 
ting exercises. They should be written, and corrected by a 
teacher, then rewritten and carefully studied, until the ap- 
plication of the principles, in all their details, is thoroughly 
understood. If this is done, the progress of the student will 
be satisfactory and rapid. Should, however, any be situated 
in such a way that the services of a teacher cannot be ob- 
tained, the directions for writing the exercises will be found so 
minute that a student, with ordinary carefulness and dili- 
gence, will be able to learn to write them correctly. 

In preparing the writing exercises for correction, the student 
should leave the space of one line blank under each line of 
writing ; and, when the exercise is corrected by the teacher, 
it should be carefully rewritten, so that correct word -forms may 
be secured. If the work is studied without a teacher, the same 
course may be pursued. After preparing the exei'cise carefully, 
lay it aside for a day or more,, that it may be taken up afresh ; 
then study each form carefully, to see that it conforms to the 
principles of the system, correcting every faulty outline ; 
and finally, rewrite the whole exercise several times. 

After the exercise has been thus prepared, whether with or 
without a teacher, it should be written from dictation until 
it can be written with a fair degree of readiness; say at the 
rate of 75 to 100 words a minute. 

Drilling on the Tables. 

Study the Tables of word and phrase-signs carefully, and 
copy them accurately. Drill on each word and phrase sep- 
arately, as in learning the alphabet. After a certain portion 
of the table has been prepared in this way, it should be written 
from dictation several times, and then another portion pre- 
pared and written from dictation, in the same manner. The 
student should review from the first frequently, so that when 
the work is completed, the signs can be used with the most 
perfect freedom. 

The success of the pupil depends almost entirely upon his 
following a correct method of study. The hints given above 
are not sufiicient to meet all cases and kinds of practice, but 
if faithfully followed will certainly yield excellent results. 



The Hai^d-Book of Takigeafy. 

♦^^.t^ 

Chapter I. — Simple Style. 

Alphabet of Takigrafy. 

Sec. 1. Consonant Letters. 

Written Downward. 

M \ \ ) ) ( ( -> -^ v^ v^ 

Be Pe Ga Ka Ye Ef Zhe Ish The Ith Tha tha 
Written from Left to Ri^jht. 



De Te Ze Es En Ing Ja Cha 

Written Upward. Variable. 

^ c^ c^ <^ ^ r y / 

Ra Wa Wha Ha Ya Em El Ar 

These letters are perpendicular, horizontal, or inclined to the left at an 
angle of 45 degrees. The up-strokes are inclined to the right at an angle of 
about 60 degrees from the perpendicular. The downward ar is written at 
an angle of about 27 degrees. The letters The and Ith^ ^vq reversed into 
Tha tha. 

The curves are quarter circles, and unite with each other and the 
straight signs into definite geometrical forms, making angles right, acute, 
and obtuse, or joining without angles. This will be seen in the following 
illustrations and exercises. 







15 






16 



The Hand-Book 



Sec. 2, The Joining of the Consonants. 
After mastering these letters thoroughly, by drilling on 
them as taught in the Manual and Elements, they may be 
joined as shown in the following illustrations. 

General Principles of Joining. 

1. — Acute angles are better than obtuse; but joinings with- 
out angles, are better still. 2. — Facing curves are better than 
opposing curves. 

Remark 1.— Where there is a choice of outline, the rapidity and beauty of 
the writing will depend very much upon the observance of these principles. 

Rem. 2.— These illustrations form an excellent series of drills, and the 
student should drill on them, taking one at a time, until they can be 
written with facility and accurateness. 



Eight Angles. 



i_ ~i 



K^ S 



Acute Angles. 




V" A K r 






Z^ Z_ l^^ 



Facing Curves forming Angles. 



Opposing Curves forming Angles. 

^ ^ l^ <^ ^ 

Straight Lines Joined without Angle. 



\ \ 



OF Takigrafy^ 17 



straight and Curved Lines Joined without Angle. 

L- L^ \^ V^ -) T? 

> > ^ L n -^ 

r\ r\ r\ r\ r~ ( — 

Rem. 3.— The letters Be-El, Ma-Be, and some others given above, would 
form angles if made with perfect accuracy, but it is better in writing 
that this stiffness should be avoided and the letters joined without angle. 

Facing Curves Joined without Angle. 

r\ r-) a c^ C ~^ 

Opposing Curves Joined without Angle. 



\ s 




Eem. 4.— The student should drill on the above joining until each outline 
can be struck with one sweep of the pen, in a rapid and graceful manner. 

Sec. 3. Vocal Signs. 





Heavy and Long. 






Semi-circles. 


Dots. Dashes. 


Diamond Points. 


A C U 


- X I • 


/-^ 


/7 


E A Ah 


Ai Oo Au 

Light and Short. 


Oi 


ow 


A U 


- \ 1 / 


V 


A 


i a 


e 00 u 


I 


Eu 



The Use of the Vocal Signs. 
All of the vocal signs may be joined in writing except the 
dots. They may, however, where it is more convenient, be 
used disjoined. Their use will be understood from the follow- 
ing : 



18 The Hand-Book 

Sec. 4. General Principles of Joining. 

1. — All vocals if joined, must make a distinct angle with the 
following consonant. On the end of a consonant the semi-cir- 
cles except A-long, form hooks, as in the examples above. 

2. — The full form of the long vowel is preferred to the hook 
where both are equally convenient ; but for the short vowel 
the hook is preferred to the full form. . 

3. — Dash vocals must make an angle with both a preceding 
and a following letter. 

4. — Either side of the diamond points may be curved where 
more convenient in joining. 

Vocals Joined. 
Beat bit caught cot coat cut coin gout 

l^ (^ "? ~T r^ r- \_\^ 

Bar barrel deep dip meet mid gate gat 

His has fight fit suit rude rudder 

Sec. 5. Disjoined Vocals. 

The dots are always disjoined, and other vocals may be 
disjoined for convenience at any time. 

1. — If the disjoined vocal is to be read before a perpendicular 
or inclined stroke, it is v/riten on the left of it. If read after, 
on the right. If read before a horizontal stroke, it is written 
above it. If read after, it is written below. 

2. — The heavy dot belongs with the preceding consonant 
and the light dot with the following. They are placed near 
the middle of the letter, and are written near the end of the 
consonant which follows them, except in words ending in a 
disjoined vocal, v/here it must be placed near the end of 
the preceding consonant. 



OF Takigrafy. 



19 




Vocals Disjoined. 

>- >- )^ V- -^ 

Fair ferry far come do tone 

Fade favor father feather southern 

Rem. 1.— The variations of the 0-long and ?/-short, are for convenience in 
joining, and the form is chosen that makes the sharpest angle. 

Rem. 2. — The semi-circles are joined by a connecting stroke in a few cases 
but this can be avoided by disjoining the vocals. 

Rem. 3. — Obscure vowels are not written, and unaccented vowels may be 
frequently omitted, but long and accented vowels should be written in the 
simple style in most cases. 

Rem. 4.— The omission of silent letters, and the use of letters adapted to 
the sounds employed, in place of the old spelling, is understood to lay at the 
foundation of the System. This feature is amply explained and illustrated 
in the works devoted to the Simple Style, to which the student is referred. 

These principles will be better understood by consulting the following 





^.^.^^ l-^\.^ 



1. — Deed, did, weak, wicked, ticket. 2. — Detect, auditory, 
essential, emotion, token. 3. — People, pauper, copper, form- 
ation, location decision. 4. — Side, niece, tune, cube, pipe, 
navigate. 5. — Public, arrogate, animal, balcony, tendency. 
6. — Heresy hair, wear, emergency, firmament. 



20 



The Hand-Book 



Note. — In common practice the disjoined vocals in the words 
wicked, ticket, essential, decision, public^ tendency, and heresy, 
given above, are omitted. 

Sec. 6. The Use of the Variable Letters. 

The general principles of joinings given in sections 2 and 
4, determine the use of the letters which admit of variation. 
They must be so used as to make acute rather than obtuse 
angles in case of straight signs, and curves that are homoge- 
neous. These principles apply both to the joining of the large 
letters with each other, and the joining of the small letters 
with the large. 

The application of these principles will be understood from. 
the following 

Examples. 




Sec. 7. Position of Outlines. 

1. — The outline of a word is its form as it stands in the writ- 
ten page. This outline has a relation to the line of writing. 
The first perpendicular or inclined letter in it, if it has such a 
letter rests on the line of writing. All letters which pre- 
ceed or follow this, follow their own natural direction with- 
out reference to the line. 

2. — If the outline contains only horizontal strokes, it rests 
upon the outline. 

Rem. 1.— Note that the consonant stroke rests on the line, the vocal sign is 
not regarded, but follows its own proper direction below, on the line, or 
above, as the case may be. 

Rem. 2.— If the word contains two or more consonant strokes, the outline 
rests upon the first perpendicular or inclined stroke, even if that chances to 



OF Takigrafy- 



21 



be the last stroke in the word, as in the word centennial, in the examples 
below. 

Rem. 3.— Upstrokes are inclined letters and determin the position of the 
outline the same as the descenders. 

Rem. 4.— It is not necessary that the paper be ruled. The proper place 
for the line will be known though no line appear on the paper. See Manual^ 
page 38. 

Illustrations. 



A--i-^ 




DIPHTHONGAL SIGNS. 

All the words in the language can be written with the use 
of the signs already explained ; but greater convenience and 
beauty of outline is secured by the use of the diphthongal signs 
which represent the union of such letters as pr in pray, pi in 
play, sp in spy, ps in hops, &c. 

Rem.— It would be theoretically possible to indicate every union of conso- 
nants without an intervening vowel by a compound sign ; but this is not 
always convenient. The compound signs used in the simple style are diph- 
thongal in character, and of frequent occurrence. 



Sec. 8. The Wa Series. Qii, Dw, Tw, Gu and Thw. 

Of these Qu, Div and Tw, are the most important and are 
provided with brief signs ; but they may be written with the 
alphabetic signs, which are also given below : 

The full forms are generally employed in the simple style, 
the briefer forms given under them in the contracted style. 

Rem.— The fuU forms are named Ka-Wa, De-Wa, &c., from the Alpha- 
betic signs of which they are composed. The briefer signs are named ^a, 
Dwa and Twa. 



Qua 



Dwa 



Twa 



V/ 



G a-Wa 



Tha-Wa 



22 



The Hand-Book 



Examples of the Full Forms. 



Quick 



language 



dwell 



twit 



thwart 



Sec. 9. Compounds of the El and Ar Series. 
These signs form two series — an initial and a final series. 
Some of these signs are used both initially and finally, and 
are named Pla, pra, &c. , when initial, Pel, per, &c. , when final. 
Those that belong to both the initial and final series are the 
following : 



Bra 
Ber 



Dra 
Der 



P 

bla 

bel 



pra 
per 



tra 
ter 



r 

pla 
pel 

fra 
fer 



gra 
ger 

J> 
fla 
fel 



gla 
gel 



kra 
ker 



? 

shra 
sher 



kla 

kel 

thra 
ther 



^ Used Initially, 

bloom prim plum grim glum 

'\y \r ^-^ o-^ y i..^ 

clime dram tramp from friend 



Broom 



Crime 



:> 



Flame 



•^ \ 



Pebble 



flute shred thread throng thrill 

Used Finally. 

pepper beggar buckle fitful pressure 



Sec. 10. Additional Signs. 
The following signs also belong to the final series. 

Del tel vel ver ther nel ner Ingr 



OF Takigrafy. 23 



Examples. 

cL cL -> ^ ^ ^ V. 

Peddle bottle oval over other owner kennel 

General Principle. 
The signs used initially are employed in all cases, those 
used finally only where they are more convenient. 

Rem.— The appropriate use of these signs is important to the formation of 
a good style. The signs may be said to be convenient when they form good 
angles, and admit the use of the vocal signs v/here they are needed. 

Examples. 
Able table noble double rabble rebel 



K 



Eagle ogle bugle tackle fickle rascal^ 

The compound signs are used in the following words : 

Note.— Words having only Initial compounds are not given here, since 
they all use the compound signs. 

Opal, upper, cooper, copal, suffer, sober, bubble, pebble, 
sample, simple, temple, trample, tremble, member, mumble, 
number, limber, amber, timber, eager, ogre, meagre, meeker, 
local, vocal, focal, ducal, buckle, bugle, bigger, beaker. 

Model, medal, muddle, metal, peddle, puddle, bottle, evil, 
awful, oval, over, sever, mover, rover, rougher, tougher, 
measure, treasure, leisure, pressure. 

The alphabetic signs are used in these words : 

Neighbor, saber, able, enable, unable, disable, rabble, sable, 
table, dabble, babble, bible, bauble, papal, paper, chapel, pauper, 
maker, raker, wriggle, boggle, draggle, toggle, tackle, wiggle, 
tattle, tatter, tutor, prattle, brittle, brutal, favor, s^vor, fever, 
never, lover, deliver, silver, leather, lather, rather, gather, 
bother, harbor. 

Sec. 11. The >S'-Circle Series. 
The sound of s unites with that of some other letters both 
initially and finally. In such cases it is represented by a 



24 The Hand-Book 

circle written on the right and upper side of the straight 
lines, and on the inside of the curves : 



p 


^ 





°) 


(T 


Q^ 


y or oJ 


Sp 


sk 


St 


sf 


sm 


sn 


si si 



sw 
spy sky stay sphere small snow sleet slap sway 

b\= -^ ^^^ ^ J" 

ps ks (x) ts f s ths ns Is rs 

On the end of the heavy signs the circle is written for z, as 
also on the liquids, Enn, En, El and Ar. 

Bz gz dz vz thz mz ngz nz Iz rz 

Sec, 12. The Circle Used Medially. 
When the circle occurs between two straight signs it is 
written on the outside of the angle. Between a straight 
and a curved sign it is on the inside of the curves ; and be- 
tween two curves it is written on the inside of both ; other- 
wise it is written as most convenient, as will be seen in the 
following illustration and examples. 

Illustration. 




The circle is used primarily in cases where it unites 
with the consonant without an intervening vowel. But its 
use is also extended to cases where an obscure vowel or small 
or short u occurs between the s and the letter to which it is 
attached. 



OF Takigrafy., 25 




\, S -^. ^^^ -f- 



\. 



Guess ashes luscious wages scepter section 
Examples. 



c n 



^ ^ ^ .'L '^^^^^ ^^"^ 

KEY. ~ 

1. — Breast, guest, desk, rest, crest, west, blest. 

2. — Zest, nest, test, drest, trustj^, chest. 
- 3. — Success, succession, secession, procession, retrocession, 
posseses. 

Sec. 13. The Cikcle before the Compounds of the El 

AND Av Series. 
Between two straight letters the circle on the left or upper 
side implies the r ; in other cases when the circle occurs be- 
tween any sign, and the compound of the El or Ar Series, 
the hook appears. 

Examples. 



V-\ -(1 



Excrete exclude express bespread restrain describe 

b. — Es BEFORE COIVIPOUNDS OF THE El AND Al^ SERIES. 

In the Simple Style of Takigrafy the Alphabet form of 
the Es is used before compounds of the El and Ar Series, 
wherever the circle is not convenient. 

Examples. 
Extreme explore disclaim abstract fiscal 



26 



The Hand-Book 



Rem. 1.— If a vowel precedes s in the beginning of a. word, or follows 
it in the end, the long sign is used, except in a few cases where the vowel 
may be joined to the circle. 

\ 

ask 




t. 



5£3U 



aspen 



astute 

astronomy ostensible auspicious austere austral 

Eem. 2.— When two vowels or a diphthong precede s the long sign is used 
as in 



''—tj i 



Science 



conp:ruous 



theism 



theistic 



Sec. 14. The Terminations ion, ier, ure, &c. 
The terminations ion, ier, and ure, are generally written 
yer and yure ; so also yu is used for tt-long in many 
cases. The words brazier, glazier and measure, pleasure, c&c. , 
are written mezhr, plezhr, &c. 

For convenience sake, oo is v^ritten for u-long after Ya, and 
in some other cases where it is more convenient, as in the 
words communion, community, <Sbc. 



Examples. 




r7 ^~? 



V^ 



KEY. 

1. — Christian, clothier, natural, measure, treasure. 

2. — Communion, community, opinion, unite. 

Rem. 1.— A few word-signs and phrase-signs are used in the Simple Style, 
and obscure and unaccented vowels are omitted wherever they are not 
necessary to legibility. For these features and an elaboration of the princi- 
ples briefly sketched in the preceding pages, the student is referred to the 
Elements of Takigrafy and the Manual, which shud be studied by all persons 
who wish to use Takigrafy for correspondence or for business purposes of 
any kind. 

Rem. 2.— Those desiring to pass through the Simple Style merely as an 
introduction to the Contracted Style will find it to their advantage to 



OF Takigrafy.^ 27 

^reduce it pretty thoroughly to practice before taking up the contractions. 
The supposition that it is a loss of time to do so, is not supported by 
experience. A thorough mastery of the Simple Style, is the very best 
preparation to success in the Contracted Style. 

Rem. 3.— The Simple Style may be written at the rate of 80 to 100 words a 
minute, and even more rapidly than this, and the student should not re- 
gard himself as having successfully reduced this style to practice until he 
can write at least 70 to 80 words a minute. 

Rem. 4.— For reading lessons in the Simple Style, which are necessary to 
a full view of this style, see the Takigrafer, issued serially, at one dollar a 
year. 

Sec. 15. Shortened forms used in the Simple Style. 

In the practical use of the Simple Style obscure and unac- 
cented vowels are generally omitted ; also the dot vowels and 
the disjoined dashes, wherever they are not necessary to legi- 
bility. More than half of the vowels may be safely omitted 
by the proficient writer of this Style, and in some words of 
frequent occurrence all the vowels may be dropped. 

Words in which the vowels are omitted : 

I I \ _ _ ) ^ -> ^ 

Be,been up go do to,it of us, so the they 



r ^ ^ a^ ^ ^ cj <^ 

Am,may an, on are we were where you he here 

The following may be used as word-signs in the Simple Style : 

^ — ^ o m, ^ ^ ^ "^^ u ^ r\ 

Which will as,is who all how of the have in ye 

And 

Phrases formed by connecting the above : 

-^ :^ ^ ^ ^ .<_ ^ ^ -Z 

Of the, in the, to the, of all, of this, of which, we had, he has, who has. 

I have been, to do, that is, they have, this is, that was, it may be so. you and I. 



\ 


C 


-S Vw 


o^ 


e^ 


if 


J> 6 


could 


should 


that 


would 


what 


had 


his,has 



You should be, what is that, what would you do, where is she, here she is. 
Other shortened forms admissible in the Simple Style. 

It is now, I was, use, use of some, the same, at any time. 



28 



The Hand-Book 




^v-a o\^ ^^ . <^<L.. 



CONTRACTED STYLE. 



Chapter I. — Word-signs. 

The abbreviations employed in the contracted style of Ta- 
kigrafy may be classed under the following divisions : 1st, 
Word-signs : 2d, General contractions ; 3d, Prefixes and Af- 
fixes ; 4th, Phrase-signs. 

Sec. 16. Classes of word-signs. 

Definition, — A word-sign is a Takigrafic word-form short- 
ened by omitting some of the letters used in writing it fully. 

Word-signs are formed by special and sometimes irregular 
modes of contraction, which apply only to the words spe- 
cified, or to their derivatives. 

The characters used for word-signs are, — a. Letters of the 
Takigrafic alphabet. 6, Compound signs, c. Combined signs. 
d, Signs irregularly contracted, e, Contracts. /, Common 
abbreviations. 

Class h consists of the secondary letters of the El, Ar, and 
Es-series of compounds. Class c contains a consonant and a 
vowel. Class d comprises word-signs which employ one or 
more of the final letters of the word. Class e contains two 
or more consonants. Class / contains common abbreviations 
such as A, B., P. M. 

Note. Classes a, h and c are combined with Tables 2 and 3. Classes d, e 
and / correspond with Tables 4, 6 and 1. 

Word-signs may be further classed as Primitives and 
Derivatives. A Primitive vrord-sign is the simplest form in 
which it occurs ; a Derivative word-sign is any modification 
of such Primitive form. A table of Primitive word-signs is 
given below, with a few specimens of derivative signs. 

29 



30 The Hand-Book 

Note. — General principles of contraction enter, in some cases, into the 
formation of word-signs. These principles are explained in succeeding 
chapters. 

r Letters writhen half-length imply ator d after them. Lengthened curves 
imply dr or tr—Si double circle, s-s or s-z—a, small final hook n. There are 
also, other forms of contraction which are explained in their proper place. 

Rem. Words derived from those given in the table are written by adding 
prefixes or affixes which are explained in future chapters. A few examples 
are given. 



TABLE OF WORD-SIGNS. 
1. — Common Abbreviations. 

^ Mr. c I A. B. <^-5 Jan. 

/^ Mrs. c A. D. } ^®''- 

/T> ,,. /" A TIT /^^~~ March 

/ Miss. c ^ A, M. 

^ Master r ,M. D. ^ ^^^^ 

/) Rev. ) ~ Ph. D. ^ ^^y 

^ Hon. ] r- P.M. ^ '^"'^^ 

Q Prof. I ^ P. S. ^ -^"^y 

% Sec'y D. D. '^ ^"S- 

X Pres't — <^ D. C. ' ^''''^ 

^ (^o^- r^^ M. c. ^ *^^*- 

\ Capt. I ,_^ BO. ^ Nov. 

V^ Exec'r | ^ p. O. —^ Dec. 



OF Takigrafy. 



31 



2. — Vocal Signs. 



n 

n 



ye 

if 



3 m 
. , have 



" who 

• all 

^ of 

. he 



V high 
y why 
^ employ 



^ ^ there 
Q as^ IS 



y^ j how, out p has, his 



3.— 



I be, been 
I by 



object 
above 



1 
1 

^ about 

M habit 

15 brother 
i brief 

I subject 

( establish 

b business 

I up, hope 

1 happy 

J happen 

^ opinion 



without 

Single Consonant Stems. 

D. T. 
A opportunity 

principle-al 

fj speak 
( special 

1 suspect 
p stipulate 



'CrX. i give-n 
\ ( together 

\ altogeher 

\ glory 

^ signify 

V j begin 
o ( begun 

X) began 

\ kingdom* 
j account 
N^ 1 according 

\ school 



dollar 
idle, idea 
head 
already 

dear 

j dull 
i deliver 



take 
taken 

truth 

tell, tm 

stni 

strong 

dwell 

between 



32 



The Hand-Book 



) 


very 


^ 


thing, think 


J 


while 


■^ 


average 


V. 


thank 


J 


last 


3 


evening 
several 


r 


hath 
may, more 


J 


least 
hour, our 


J 


value 


rT 


immediate 


/ 


rule, our 


) 

:) 


for, fact 
from 
satisfy 
first 


r 


him, home 

important 

j England 
( Enghsh 

any 


W.XH. 

J 


reply 
we, with 
you, your 
United States 


L 


future 


^-* 


now 


J> 


yesterday 


\ 


them 
thy 


U.K. 


new 
Lord, will 


CfuJ. 


heart 
general 




either 
southern 


J 
J 


alone 
whole 


«-c 


generation 

(child 
( which 




4. 


— Irregular Signs. 




< 


advantage 


^ 


was 
such 


^ 


almost 


( 


Vvdsh 


r 


much 


o^ 


inherit 


< 


injustice 


/ 


external 


o^ 


inward 


? 


pleasure 


K 


accomodate 


->* 


outward 


? 


sure 


n_ 


each 


^ 


conversation 


7 


short 


C 


when 


>^ 


and, hand 


D 


official 


P 


always 


"i 


&c. 







OF Takigrafy:. 


33 






Contracts. 


^• 


\ 


behave 


L, 


companion 


i 


benevolent 


U 


accompany 


K 


benignant 


> 


haphazard 


K 


bethink 


} 


applicable 


k 


bespeak 


f 


probable 


1 


inhabitant 


r 
5 


perhaps 


] 


breakfast 


\ 


practice 


1 


brilliant 


\ 


prognosticate 




j public 
( publish 


r 


apprehend 


f 


passage 


a 


impregnable 


^ 


passenger 


ro 


implication 


k. 


postage 


' f 


plenipotentiary 




popular 


"h 


conspicuous 


K 


peculiar 


; 


superincumbent 


^ 


pecuniary 


L 


superintendent 



34 


The Hand-Book 




(i.K. 


govern 


\ 


collect 


> 


example 


X 


correct 


X 


aggregate 


> 


expenditure 


^ 


congregate 


B. T 


consequence 


f\ 


gratitude 


-\ 


difficult 


^^^ 


congratulate 


"^ 


doctor 


V 


gubernatorial 


-a 


deficient 


^ 


signify-icant 


■~v 


denominate 


V 


signature 


-^ 


downward 


^ 


suggest 


^k 


designate 


> 


capable 


2l 


discrepancy 


1 

> 


culpable 
because 


^ 


discontinue 
indignant 


\r^ 


become 


^^ 


indiscriminate 




became 
character 




derange 
delinquent 



OF Takigrafy. 



35 



"X 



7 

\ 

I 

] 
I 



contradict 
contiguous 

contemporaneous 
constitute 
integrity- 
intangible 
instruct 
intelligent 
strength 
vegetable 
vocabulary- 
vengeance 

volume 
involve 

overwhelm 

figure 



l 
I 

\ 

I 

■L. 

J? 

a 



form 

efficient 

sufficient 

fourth 

forward 

afterward 

infidel 

infatuate 

inoffensive 

frequent 

engineer 

usual 

thanksgiving 

ambiguous 
magazine 
malign int 



36 



The Hand-Book 



/^■^ manipulate 

^ Hionopoly 

/^ manufacture 

f memorandum 

^^ number 

"^"^ neglect 

^A^ nevertheless 

s^^xv-^ New England 

^^ knowledge 



1 



^ 
^ 



newspaper 
nondescript 

notwithstanding 

endeavor 

individual 

intermediate 
length 



..^/"-^ language 

/^ represent 

*'^ re-public-ation-isb 

^'"l. repugnant 
y^^^ regular 
y^ respect 
r remark 

y^ railroad 
exterior 
extraordinary- 
world 
c^ universe 
o^)^ uniform 
ty^^^ unanimous 
^^^^ union 
J household 



OF Takigrafy. 



37 



1. 



y^ 



o c Vj^ 



-^S_/ C—..^^ C.I. C. .188^. u— ^ <^^ C . f^.y 



^ 



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>02 Cd ^^ 



o 'U,. . y^ ">_ .^-^ LA \ ^ ') ^ 

-\- ^-^ ^.^ Ol -"\_ 1^ ^_ c_ ^ 



^ ^^ c ^^ 



38 The Hand-Book 

Key to Reading Lesson 1. 

Exercise on the Word-Signs. 

1. — The way of the righteous is as a shining light. 

2. —The day, the time, the path, the goal, the glory, the 
place, the praise. 3. — In th€, on the, for the, to the, 
though the, through the, have the, all the. 

4.— John Jones, A. B. A. D. 1882. Adam Smith, A. M. 
(5) in account with Samuel Sampson, D. D.^ The Deputy Post 
Master General, at (6) Washington, D. C. Perhaps the prin- 
cipal object in our meeting together, (7) is to consider the sub- 
ject in all its bearings. A knowledge of the (8) principles of 
language is of general utility. Notwithstanding the advantages 
of the (9) measure a large number of gentlemen were disposed 
to call it (10) in question. To him that hath shall be given, and 
from him (11) that hath not shall be taken even that which he(12) 
seemeth to have. They have taken advantage of your remarks. 

13. — A large number of persons were present. Would you 
be wise, (14) five things observe with care, of whom you speak, 
to whom (15) you speak, and how, and when, and where. 



Writing Exercise 1. 

Write the following with the signs given in the table. 

About above accommodate accompany .according account 
advantage afterward aggregate all almost alone already 
also although altogether always and any anything appli- 
cable apprehend ambiguous are as average. Became 
become because began begin begun be been before 
benevolent benignant bespeak bethink between breakfast 
brief brilliant brother business by. Capable character child 
collect companion congratulate congregate consequent 
conspicuous constitute contiguous contemporaneous con- 
tradict conversation correct culpable. Dear deficient deliver 
denominate derange delinquent difficult discontinue dis- 
crepancy doctor designate dollar downward dull dwell. 

Each efficient either employ endeavor England English 
engineer establish evening example expenditure explain ex- 
terior external extraordinary. Fact figure first for form forth 
forward frequent future from. General generation give 



OF Takigrafy. . 39 

given glory govern gratitude gubernatorial. Habit hand 
hap-hazard happen happy has hath have he head heart 
high him his home household hope how. Idea idle if in 
immediate injustice important implication impregnable 
indignant indiscriminate individual infatuate infidel inha- 
bitant inherit intermediate inoffensive instruct intangible 
integrity intelligent involve inward. 

Just. Kingdom knowledge. Language last least length 
Lord. Magazine malignant manipulate manufacture may 
memorandum monopoly much more. Neglect never never- 
theless new newspaper notwithstanding number nondes- 
cript now. Object official opinion opportunity or our out 
outward overwhelm. Passage passenger postage popular 
peculiar pecuniary perhaps practice probable prognosticate 
pleasure principal principle public publish. Regular re- 
mark reply represent republic republication republish 
repugnant respect rule. Satisiy secretary school several 
short signify significant signature speak 'special stipulate 
still strength subject such sufficient suggest southern 
superincumbent superintendent sure suspect. 

Take taken tell till thank thanksgiving thing think them 
the there thy together truth. Unanimous uniform union 
universe usual. Value vegetable vengeance very vocabu- 
lary volume. When which while who whole why will 
wish with without world. Ye yesterday you your. 

A. B. A. D. A. M. B. C. Capt. D. C. D. D. Exec'r Gov. 
Hon. M. C. M. D. Ph. D. Master Miss Mr. Mrs. P. M. P. O. 
P. S. Pres. Prof. Sec. Jan. Feb. March April May June 
July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 

Write these derivatives with word-signs with added letters. 

Advantages objects principles manufactures republics 
engineers. Accountable remarkable having employing re- 
plying dwelling engineering. Objected represented respected. 
Hopeful wilful truthful. Forever whoever however when- 
ever. Immediately generally hourly surely shortly officially. 
Former collector satisfactory manufactory manufacturer 
childish glorify. Idleness newness individuality. 



Chapter II. — Extended Use of the El and 
At Hook-Signs and other Compounds. 



Sec. 17. Additional Signs. 
1. — In addition to the signs of the El- and Ar- Series, used in 
the Simple Style, and explained in Chapter I, we have the fol- 
lowing large hook signs. 

D S> C ^^c^^^o/^ ^ 

Zhel shel mel ingl wel whel yel hel quel 
2. — The signs Qua, Dwa and Tica have small hooks, as pre- 
viously given. See page 21. 

The sign Qua is shaded to imply r ; and, with the enlarged 
hook, it is shaded to emply rZ, as in the examples below. 

8. — The series of the r-hook signs may be completed by 
using the hook on Em for mr, the tick being used for /im. 

Examples. 

murmur farmer 




multiply knowingly wealth whelm 

Q_ e^ ^ CL 

quality equality acquire querl 

-Observe, that Quel is reversed when it is preceded by E-\ong. 
Kem. 2.— These signs Qua Dwa and r;/;a excepted, are not strictly fonetic in 
their use. They admit a vowel between the letters represented by the com- 
pound sign. They do not, however, allow the introduction of long un- 
accented vowels. It would not do to use these signs in such words as shoal, 
shawl, wheel, weal, Yale, &c. though acquire forms an exception to the 
general rule. 

40 



The Hand-Book 41 

4. — Hooked Signs for zl and si. 
Zl and si are generally written with the circle on I, but 
there are a few cases in which hooked signs may be used with 
advantage. 

Examples. 
<rN C^ -TTs v^jCTn ^ r-N 

Zl si dazzle nozzle Russell tassel 

Rem.— These are new signs in Takigrafy, being introduced into the Hand 
Book for the first time. As they are not indispensable, the circle can be used 
in their place, by such writers as prefer to do so. 

Sec. 18. LaPwGE Initial Hooks on the Straight Signs. 
Some writers enlarge the hook of the r- series of compounds 
on the straight stems to imply Z, and the I- hook to imply r, 
forming the following additional signs. 

Bier pier gler cler brel prel grel crel drel trel 

Examples. 

o^ V- -^ >L- (;^ _^r 

prelacy collateral inaugural clergy bugler templar 

Rem.— These signs are not considered as either necessary or important, 
stiU they furnish convenient outlines for some words, and do not conflict 
with any other signs. 

Sec. 19. Large Initial Hook on Ve and Ef. 
A large initial hook is used on Ve and Ef, to indicate the 
syllables pre and pro, as in prefix, provoke. 

Examples. 

0-. O-^ Q Q_ ^1_ 0-^ 

Previous prefer profess profit provide previse 
For other words in which this hook is used see writing ex- 
ercise 2. 

Sec. 20. Zhe and Zher used for Ja and Jer, 
Zhe and Ish are used for Ja and Cha in some cases, and 
more especially for nj. Zher, and Sher, are in like manner 
used for Jr, and chr, and Zhd toxjL 



4:2 The Hand-Book. 



Examples. 

ty ty -7 ^ 3 I Ij, 

Agile angel danger teacher fragile French bachelor 

Rem.— These signs are employed only for convenience and brevity, and in 
cases where they are not convenient, the full forms shud be used in their 
place. 
Sec. 21. Miscellaneous Compounds, Empy El-r, Eel, 

Arch, Arj. 

1. — Both Em and Ma, are shaded to imply p, as in 

y r -r V .-^ a_^ 

limp pump trump stump tramp stamp 

2. — Both El and La are shaded to imply r, iar and ier, Ra is 
shaded to imply Z, and Ar to imply ch and j. 
Examples. 

O >7 ^-"^ \y^ ~77 ^ 

Miller familiar relative barrel torch charge 

Rem.— J.r is shaded near the end only to ' imply ch, as will be seen in the 
examples : but is shaded throughout for rj. 

Sec. 22. Use of the Compound Signs. 

The signs of the El, Ar and Es series of compounds are purely diph- 
thongal,— that is they are uttered with one impulse of the voice, in such 
words as play, pray and spy. In these cases the compound sign is always 
used for pi, pr and sp. 

Bl in the word noble, and nel in the word kennel, are less closely united 
than hi, in the word blow, and are examples of a secondary use of the com- 
pound sign, as is also the sJis in luscious, ys in righteous, &c. 

The letters rj in charge, rch in church, mp in pump, Ir in miller, and rl in 
barrel, &c., are also united in sound, and are written by the use of the 
compound signs previously explained. 

Where a vowel occurs between the two letters indicated by the compound 
sign, we have a second step of departure from the purely diphthongal use 
of the signs, and this divergence is increased by every increase of the 
openness or length of the vowel inserted. It is a greater departure from the 
correct principles of writing to use a compound si -n where a long vowel in- 
tervenes, like a or o, than with a short vowel, liKe e-short or i-short. Only 
short and obscure vowels are generally allowed to be introduced between 
the compounds of the I and r series. 



OF Takigrafy. 43 



We have then these principles of joining : 

General Principles. 

1. — The signs of the L and R series of compounds are used ; 
a — Where purely fonetic or diphthongal. h — With the 
first and slightest departure from their fonetic use. c — In 
exceptional cases only, where the letters of the compound are 
separated by a clearly pronounced vowel, d — Still more ex- 
ceptional, where the intervening vowel is either long or 
accented. 

Rem.— A fifth case may be noted in the old Fonografy, where two vowels 
or a diphthong are inserted between the parts of a compomid sign. This is 
never allowed in Takigrafy. 

These principles will be better understood from the follow- 
ing apphcations : 

2. According to these principles the Ma may be used in 
culture, collect, college, but not in keel, cole, chyle. The Tcra 
may be used in corner, kernel ; but not in core, cure ; and Tel 
may be used in tell, till, more appropriately than in tale, tile, 

3. — The use of the compound in call, dear B.n6. sure, tho tol- 
erated, is contrary to these rules, as is the use of the circle in 
the words case, seen, south, use, house, theze, uze, haz. Such 
exceptions are admitted, only in case of words of frequent 
occurrence. 

4. — It must not be inferred that the compound is to be always 
used wherever it is theoretically allowable. It is allowable 
in the words current, curage, &c., but the full form is more 
convenient. 

Sec. 23. The Tick Used for Ha, Wha and final y. 

1. — The stem of the Ha and Wha is omitted before De, Ve, 
Ef, Ith, The, Ma, Em and El, and the tick used for these 
letters. 

2. — When h precedes the Mer, it may be written by thick- 
ening the hook. 

Examples. 

J J ^ s -) \ 

Whole while head heavy half hath 



44 The Hand-Book 

t^ 'O ^ c o ^ ^^\ 

Him homely hemp humor humorously whim whimsical 

3. — In the Contracted Style, when written at all, final y is 

written by the tick or the full vowel ; the hook being reserved 

for the en- and in- hooks. When medial, the short i, and short 

vowels generally, are omitted. 

Examples. 

— r .^ J) ^ U v^ ; 

Ditty lady folly volley bony fairy sully 

4.— The stem of the Wa may be omitted before Ma and Emp, 



swim swamp woman wampum 

Rem.— These outlines can be easily made with a little practice ; though 
if any one finds them difficult, the full forms can be used instead. 




OF Takigrafy. 



45 






^ 




46 The Hand-Book 

Writing Exercise 2. 

The large hooks are used on Ma, En, Ing, Wa, Ya, Ha, 

Zhel, Shel, Mbl. — Arabrosial official shall shell shelf shelve 
multifarious multiform multilateral multiple multiply 
multiplicity multiplication mellifluous melancholy. 

Rem.— The hook is not used in multitude and its derivatives, nor in the 
words malefactor, military, &c. 

Ingly. — Alarmingly amazingly approvingly carres singly 
charmingly doubtingly jeering ly jestingly knowingly laugh- 
ingly swimmingly kingly strongly. 

Wel, Yel, Hel. — Welcome welfare well-known well- 
spring well-wisher will- worship well will wealth whelm. 
Yellow yelp yell yellowish help helpful helpless hell-hound . 

QwA, DwA, TwA. — Quick quarry quoin quarto queer 
equip equipoise equity quire quiet quietude twang twain 
tweak tweed twelve twig dwindle. 

Quel, Equel, Quer. — Qualify qualitative qualiiicative equal 
equally quality equality equalness unequal unequally unqual- 
ifiedly inequality. Querulous require inquire acquire querl. 

Zel, Sel. — Dazzle hustle tussle tassel Russell nozzle drizzle. 

Use the circle in muscle, wrestle, vassal, and the Ze,-El, in 
puzzle, fizzle, guzzle, grizzle frizzle, <Soc, 

Bler, Pler, (tLER, Cler.— Blur pillar feebler cobbler 
tippler color clerk clergy clergyman poplar scholar 
templar tumbler gambler mumbler grumbler humbler 
nobler troubler scribbler quibbler. 

Not used where a vowel follows the r, as in gallery, pillory, 

Brel, Prel, Grel, Drel, Trel.— April pearl drill drill- 
ing trilling neutral central sprawl scrawl. Prelacy pre- 
liminary quadrille liberal illiberal corporal inaugural 
electoral collateral collaterally impearled temporal tem- 
porally liberally illiberally terrestrial industrial-ly-ism. 
— Not used in girl curl nor in droll trail trial etc. 

The large initial hook on Ve and Ef, 

Prefigure prefix prevail prevent. Profane profuse proverb 
province provoke profound prefer preferable previous previ- 
ously previse profess professor professedly profusely pro- 
fuseness proverbial provide provokingly. 



OF Takigrafy. , 47 

Jer, Cher, Jel, Chel. — Teacher preacher journey journal 
Agile angel angelic bachelor flagellate fragile vigil. 

Emp. — Bump pump camp damp tamp samp thump lamp 
lump limp romp wampum hemp jump champ stamp en- 
stamp tramp encamp vamp. 

Er, Iar, Ure. — Miller taller tailor collar cooler familiar 
failure frailer sailor snarler parlor similar smaller. 

Rel. — Relish relax religious barrel apparel coral moral 
oral quarrel squirrel pearl furl unfurl curl girl gnarl marl. 
Not used in aerial real reel royal roll rule rail early &c. 

Arch, Arge. — Arch march scorch torch porch birch 
church smirch search charge barge large marriage courage 
courageous encourage discourage merge dirge gorge scourge. 

The tick for Ha and Wha: — Whole wholesome while whelm 
heavy halve hoof heath heather hath him hymn home 
whim whimsical hemp humor humorously. 

The tick for i short : Ditty oddity dirty lady booty ferry 
fairy very bony money downy shiny. 



Writing Exercise 3. 

Use the signs of the L and i^-series in the final syllables : 

Bubble pebble pepper people blubber probable proper 
buckle bigger beggar bugle beaker breaker broker bleaker 
picker pucker progress bottle peddle poodle puddle petal 
prodigal putter baffle bevel Bristol brutal bushel. 

Cable copal couple grapple scribble scruple goiter cockle 
crackle cuttle cuttler gravel graver clever gather gainer 
gunner kennel grapnel. 

Double trouble trooper toggle trickle debter tetter total 
treadle straddle travel drummer tunnel tenor treacherous 
evil awful oval. 

Fable affable feeble vocal vicar vapor voucher fickle fisher 
f rivelous shovel shuffle civil civility sober supple social other 
thermal farmer. 

Maker meeker miracle medal metal mirthful moover 
muffler kno?ker novel novelty rebel revel rioter level 
limner rudder rumor hovel harper harsher wrecker weevil. 



48 The Hand-Book 



The full forms are preferred in the following words 

Enable unable dabble dapple taper trapper draper dormer 
pummel guitar frizzle vail avail veal vial vile avowal fail 
feel fool foal file foil fowl favor shawl shoal shield essen- 
tial labor liver lively neighbor. 

The following words may be written either in full or with 
the compound signs. 

Able bable babble pauper Bible Papal blabber paper pauper 
pickle bladder batter beadle beetle brittle paddle prattle 
bother botcher. 

Cattle clatter cobble dribble dinner draper table tickle titter 
tatter toddle tottle tittle dimmer trimmer dreamer streamer 
tumor hammer hobble. 

Frippery flipper shrubbery enamor rumor lamer shimmer 
swimmer mocker nickle wiggle wriggle. 

The signs of the I- and r-series in initial syllables embracing 
a vowel : 

Calomel calamity calcareous calumny collector college 
coliseum collateral colporter colloquial columbiad. Marvel 
marble mercenary marshal mortal mercy murmur. 

Valet valid value valve volatile vulgar. Carnal kernel 
corner corporal cartridge fervor perjurer purple. 

Call dear full care till until sure surely ensure philosophy 
philology pilgrim Delaware telegram telescope pulverize 
pell-mell pilfer belfry bell bill curdle girdle deluge Delhi 
delible tolerable tolerate valor fulfil devolve revolve. 

Use the full forms in the first syllable : 

Carbonate caravan carbuncle carcass cardinal carnage 
coral carp carriage cornice corona coroner corrosive. Delineate 
delirum delude delusive delve. 

Fardel farthing farinaceous ferocious fertile ferriage 
ferule fare- well forbear forage foreknowledge forestall fur- 
nace furbish hyperbola palpable parallel perish purpose 
purchase purify colossus valley voley volume voluble. 



Chapter III.— The Use of the Circle. 



Sec. 24. The Circle before Ra, Wa and Ha, 
1. — In the coniniencenient of a word the circle is written on 

the under side of the Ra for sr, and on the upper side for sw ; 

but in the midst of a word, the hook of the Wa must appear, 

and the sr may have the circle on either side. 
2. — The circle may be written on the backside of the curve 

in such combinations as Em-s-Wa, Es-s-Wa, (&c. 

3. — In such words as Soho, Sahara, the long sign is more 

convenient for s than the circle, though the circle can be used 

in the hook if preferred. 

Examples. 




S before COIdPOUNDS OF THE El SERIES AND 

Ja AND Cha. 
1. — Initial S followed by a compound of the El series, Ja or 
Cka, is best written by the long sign in most cases, as in 

^ a --^ ^^ -^ ^ 

sickly supply sage satchel sidle Civil 

2. — The circle can be written in the large hooks, as in 

, settle saddle social swell squall squirrel 

49 



50 



The Hand-Book 



3. — Preceeded by another consonant the circle is used when- 
ever convenient, and a connecting stroke may be used in a 
few cases. 



> "^ 



Examples. 



t 



^ 



Exclaim exchange exaggerate possible misjudge mischief 



<L- (k-. (^ <^ 



k_ L_ 



Postal Bristol briskly Paschal passage beseech 



>^ )-^ r-x^ 



"T-. 



Fiscal physical misplace discipline disclose displace 

Rem.— When Fla follows Ex, as in explain, the circle is omitted. 

Sec. 26. The Circle beeore Compounds of the At Series. 
1. — The circle is used on the left and upper side of the 
straight stems implying the hook of the Ar series. 

s-br s-pr s-gr skr s-dr str s-shr, s-chr 

Spring supper sober screw stream sadder sucker 
2. — Used medially, the hook is inferred between two 
straight signs in the same direction. In other cases the hook 
appears. 

Examples. 



\ ^ 



Prosper distress express describe restrain 
3. — The following cases should be observed. 



unstrung 



< 



Bskr bsk bstr bst kstr kst 

As the use of the circle on the inside of the angle is less con- 
venient, the r is frequently omitted in cases like the above. 
In some cases the long sign is used instead of the circle. 



OF Takigrafy. 



51 



Examples. 






Subscribe obstruct offspring 

or 



extreme 



<i 



t 



Subscribe obstruct mainspring offspring unscrew 

Sec. 27. The Circle Used for Z. 

1.— The circle is used for the sound of 0, with nearly the same 
freedom as for s ; and the long sign is used for z when preceded 
by a vowel in the commencement of a word, or followed by a 
vowel in the ending of a word, the same as with s. 

Examples. 



.^^ /^ />^- 



Deserve desert reason reserve resolve resolution 

Zeal zone risen business praise prize 

2. — The circle is used for z, attached to vocal signs in some 
cases. 

Sec. 28. The Vocalization of Words Containing the 
Circle, &c. 

The matter of vocalizing stems which contain a circle, and 
of indicating the use of vocals between the parts of a com- 
pound of the I or r series will be understood from the following 
examples. The vocals are generally omitted in such cases. 



Is 

Sake 



sad 



sober 



call 



teU 



till 



52 



The Hand-Book. 



« 



"^ 



X. 



Submissive unsuccessful unsatisfying statistician 

Sec. 29. The Circle Used on the Vocal Signs. 

The circle may be used after a vocal sign both initially and 
finally. 

Examples. 



Acid astonish asp ask assume assail assign associate 

^ ^ ^ ^ I X^ 

Pursue phraisee loose nice voice spruce 



/oys 



annoys 



lose 



size 



views 



Sec. 30. The Double Sized Circle. 

1. — The circle is made twice its usual size to represent s-s or 
s-z with any intervening vocal : the double circle is generally 
used to represent ses, sis, siis and sez, as in the words. 



t^ 



Q_P 



LA^_A.r--^ 



>/ 



Suspend necessity senses analysis accessible 

2. — The double circle may be used in such words as analysis, 
and generally where practical ; but the single circle followed 
by the long sign Es is frequently preferred. 

Examples 
Society Cesarea thesis theses process recess 



OF Takigrafy. 53 



Sec. 31 The Circle And Long Sign, 

In determinining whether the circle should be used or not, 
the student should keep in mind general principles whch ap- 
ply to a certain extent throughout the entire system. See 
Sec. 22. 

The circle admits of more liberty than the compounds of the 
L and R series, and is used with long vowels in some cases ; 
but attention to the following specifications will increase the 
legibility of the writing. 

1. — Words containing but two consonant letters, one of 
which is s, follow for the most part, the principles of the 
Simple Style ; that is, they use the circle when no vowel in- 
tervenes between the s and the stem letter as in spy, hopes, 
or where only a short vowel intervenes, as in does, said, sup. 

Where only three or four words are to be represented by 
the consonant stem and this attached circle, there will be no 
difficulty in making the outline sufficiently legible for report- 
ing purposes, but the number of words in these groups is in 
some cases ten, twelve, twenty, and even thirty or forty words. 
The groops containing the most words, are p-s, k-s, m-s, l-s, 
r-s, S'p, s-7c, s-n, s-l, cfcc. 

2. We have, for instance, a group of forty words containing l-s . 
All of these words are perfectly definite as written in the 
simple style, but briefer forms are desired in reporting, es- 
pecially for the more frequently recurring words. The re- 
porter can, however, make no greater mistake than to write 
ail the words in such groups with one outline, trusting to the 
context for the meaning of a sign that may be read in more 
than twenty ways. In Takigrafy it is better 

a— To write all proper names and all words of infrequent 
occurence as in the Sinple Style. 
b — To use initial vowels where they occur, 
c— To use the circle on the final vowel where it is convenient 

The words that remain will not generally be so numerous as 
to impair the legibility. 



54 



The Hand-Book 



The forty words of the l-s group mentioned above mav be 
disposed of as follows : 

J ^ V^ C^ ^ J J^ 



KEY. 
1. — Alas, ails, allies, alleys, allays, allows, alloys, alias, 
2. — Eels, isles, eyeless, oils, owls, awls, lazy, lace, lees. 
3. — Lease, laws, loss, lows, loose, lose, lies, lice, louse, 
4. — Else, lass, less, lays, Alice, Elias, Ellis, Elsie, 
5. — Lacey, Lizzie, Lois, Lewis, Luce, Lucy. 

Rem. 1— While the forms given above may be regarded as absolute, to be 
used when they stand alone, some of them may be abbreviated in cases 
where a given word occurs with great frequency. These phrases may be 
made more or less definite as required. 



->y J^ 



y ^>^ > j^ 



Laws of honor laws of the land laws of God. 

Loss of honor loss of the land loss of good. 

Illustration. 

\\ ^'^'\ ^ oT-^ r^ r^ (^ r^ 



OF Takigrafy. 55 



The preceding cut gives the best outlines for the words of 
several groups. Where an outline is used for more than one 
word, the additional word or words, as given in the following 
key, are enclosed in parentheses. 

KEY. 

(1.)— Apes opes pass (ups puss) pace (pussy poesy) pause (paws pose posy) 
oppose (compose) peace (piece peas) pays pies pious poise. 

(2.)— Sap (sup) sip sop soup soap spy spew Esop Ossipee asp ekes aches, 
(3.)— Oaks ox ax case chaos kiss cause accuse keys cooes cows. 
(4.)— Sake (sick suck) seek soak sock ask some (sum psalm) seem (seam) 
same assume mess (miss muss ems) mass moose. 

(5.)— Moss mace (mussy mossy) maze (mazy maize) mice mouse aims amass 
(amaze) alms amuse emus. 

(6.)— For the sake of, you seem, the same, we seem, (with some), we 
assume, we oppose, keys of knowledge, kiss of peace. 

Rem. 1— Many words containing st, are written with the halved s as 
taught in chapter VT, instead of the circle on the Te. 

Rem. 2— The words see?n^ same, sake, and some others, lose the vocal sign in 
phrases. The word same is almost always preceded by t/te, and the phrase- 
sign ^Ae-same is always used. So in the frequent phrases /^ee/^i, you seem 
they seem^ it seems, &c., the vowel is not written. 

4. — Words containing s and a compound of the Z or r series, 
are more easily legible then those containing single stems : 
but even here the circle cannot be used without some restric- 
tion. Every added stroke renders the outline more definite, 
until, in words of two, three or more syllables, the circle can be 
used with any vowel, except in special cases where two words 
are liable to conflict : yet the following rule must be observed 
even in long words. 

EULE. 

The long sign is written 

(1.) — Where s is preceded by a vowel in the beginning, or 
followed by a vowel in the end of a word. 

(2.) — Where s is preceeded by two vowels or a diphthong. 

The exceptions are, (a) where the circle is written in the vocal ; 
(b) in terminations hke uous in contiguous &c. (c) Special 
contractions. 



56 




The Hand-Book 










^^->^ 3. 






a_ 


T^ 


^ I .^ % --> o / 


^^^- 


_ ^^ 


U4, 


U^ 


-^. /^ 1^ n^ . 


-^'''^ V 


^^' 


= l^ 


(■ 


^ t Uy L^ L 


^ 


u; , 






OF Takigrafy. ^ 57 

Writing Exercise 4. 

Use the circle in the following words : 

Bass buss boss ebbs abbs abbies abyss blows bless bliss apes 
opes apiece pass pays puss pus plays please press sup sap spy 
spew sups saps eggs guess goes glass grass glof^s gross agrees 
case aches ekes sick suck sack class close cress cross. 

Adds odds odes does days aids dress odors its 'tis (it is) 
eats oats utters tress trace eaves views save salve fuss 
office frees flows offers ashes shoes shows ushers assures. 

With the initial circle : — cease seize says siss cess season. 

With the final circle : — sows asses assess eases oasis sees. 

Isis this these oaths others mess mass muss miss ems 
aims amiss amass alms sum some owns knows nose no's 
inns sons suns seems assigns singi 

Ails alas awls eels ells ills isles eyeless allows allays oils owls 
less lass else sell silly sully sally airs ears errs oars race rays 
ways arise yes use hie has hiss house whose ages edges etches 
chase chess choose chose. 

Specify supper submissive succeed success satisfy sudden 
situate Saturday seethe sink sunk sank seldom selling 
recess decency. 

Use the circle but not the signs of the L and R series : 

Bourse apples palace pales peals pierce poles polls pills pulls 
pulse purse applies appeals piles pules ghouls cares coals 
course cures curs dares dears doles doors doers tools tires 
attires tears tares fires furs fierce fools force furies varies 
shares shores shears theks authors feathers fathers. 

Use the circle on the vowel in the following words : 

Buys boys boughs bows (ou) bows (o) blues peace piece peas 
pies pews poise plies pries prize spice spies spruce sip sop soap 
soup geese goose guise grease keys cooes cries skies sake 
seek soak sock. 

Dies dice dries dews dues eyes toys tries trice thrice sties 
trace trays strays trees strews decays destroys vice vies flies 
fries flees fleas flues sighs size thighs nice mice mouse moose 
seem same Seine assume muse assail seal lice lies loose lose 



58 The Hand-Book 

loss laws lease lees rose rows rice hoes hose hies hues hews 
choice juice. 

Use the long sign and omit the medial vowel : 

Baize bays obeys base abase abuse busy boozy blaze brays 
bruise brews pace place space pose oppose prose suppose pause 
paws posy prosy pussy applause supplies. 

Gaze graze glaze gauze glassy glossy greasy clause close (z) 
close (s) cruise crews accrues screws. 

Dace dose daisy dizzy dressy drowsy vase phase phrase flays 
flaws blues suffice suffuse sues those thus. 

Mace maize maze muse amuse mussy massy mossy knees 
neice noisy sawn soon sown seeing saying sawing sewing 
sueing wooes neighs sail soul lace lays lazy wise woes rouse 
arouse areas racy houris hazy. 

Use the long sign and the vocal : 

Bias pious spouse spicy plows prows grouse kiss echoes 
choice scows dose dross drossy straws souse sows sighing 
soil louse Alice Elsie Elias Lacy Luce Lucy Lewis Lois 
Eliza Eoyce ruse Jews juicy hussy Hosea. 



Writing Exercise 5. 

Use the circle in these words : 

Observe reserve deserve subserve dissolve resolve reason 
baptism Methodism barbarism supercede gospel expel vas- 
cular. 

Use the circle followed by Ze or Es : 

Sassafras hypothesis thesis theses Caesar society access 
success recess decease races Cicero scissors season season- 
able seasoning voices noises vices choices spices poises 
pieces creases processes. 

Use the long Ze or Es followed by the circle : 

Apotheosis reposes imposes disposes encloses supposes - 
faces bases paces spaces places abases gazes grazes kisses 
freezes suffices replaces. 

Use the circle on the R hook side of the straight sign : 
Spring sprung sprang superfluous suppress supreme succor 
scream describe disagree express strive streak stratify 



OF Takigrafy: 59 



strategy sadder sodder restrain prosper prosperous desid- 
eratum excresence execrable. 

Use the long Es followed by a sign of the I or r series: 

Supple supply sepulcher cycle sickle sickly suckle ves- 
cicle physical. 

Use the circle but not the hook : suffer sulphur silver 
sliver slaver sever severe southern sapphire. 

Use the double circle : 

Necessity necessary ancestor suspend suspicious sustain 
sustenance senses essences excrescenses glimpses resuscitate 
progresses retraces presses represses analysis analyses Cisal- 
pine disgraces synthesis syntheses successive accessible. 

Use the long sign for Ze and Es : 

Zeal zealot zephyr zany zero zinc zone Zion zenith zo- 
ology theism deism risen rosin rising arising arisen em- 
blazon praising pleasing supposing disposing displeasing 
enclosing disclosing exposing revising refusing. 



As some tall cliff that lifts its awful form, 
Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm, 

Tho ' round its breast the rolling clouds are spread, 
Eternal sunshine settles on its head. 



Full many a gem of purest ray serene, 
The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear, 

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 



Days, years, months and ages, shall circle away, 
And still the vast waters above thee shall roll ; 

Earth loses thy pattern forever and aye, 
O sailor boy ! sailor boy ! peace to thy soul. 



Chapter IV. The -St and /S^^r- Loops. 



Sec. 32. The aS'^ Loop. 
St may be written in some cases by a loop, which may be 
both initial and final. It is written on the circle side of the 
straight stems, and on the inside of the curves. Used initially 
on the -R-hook side of the straight stems, it implies the 7^ of 
the -R-hook series, the hook being omitted ; but it cannot be 
used on the signs of the I hook series. Used finally it is on 
the right and upper side of the straight stems, and can be 
used on all the signs, both the simple and compound ; as in 
1. The Initial Loop. 

r r r r ^^ <^ ^ j^ jf 

KEY. 

1. — St-b, st-p, st-g, st-k, st-gr, st-kr, st-dr, st-tr, st-r, st-r, st-rl. 
2. — Strj, strch, stv, stf, stzh, stsh, stz, sts, st-the, st-ith, 

st-thay st-tha. 
3. — St-ma, st-mp, st-em, st-emp, st-n, st-ng, st-la, st-el, stl-r, 

Examples. 

'^ ^f \ ^ <^ / ^c y y ^ 

KEY. 
1 — Step, stub, stag, stagger, stutter, stir, sturgeon, starch, 

stairs, sterile. 
2 — Stem, stump, stamp, sting, stolid, stillness. 

Rem.— The initial loop is not convenient on the r-hook side of Be and Pe, 
nor on the upper side of the Be and Te, but there is no theoretical objection 
to using them in these cases, if any one wishes to do so. 

60 



The Hand-Book. 61 



2. The Final Loop. 

KEY. 
1. — Bst, pst, blst, plst, brst, prst, sprst, spst, gst, erst, clsi, 

scrst. 
2. — Vst, frst, fist, thrst, qust, mst, nst, 1st, rst, wst, yst, hst. 
Examples. 

£• \ % ^ ^^ V "^ ^v ^ 

KEY. 
1. — Blest, prest, suppressed, drest, trust, classed, crust, 

thrust, quest. 
2.— Just, chest, tempest, fullest, behest, molest, wingest. 

Sec. 33. The Use of the Loop. 

1. — It will be observed that the loop represents the sound sf, 
written Ste : hence its use is not fonetically necessary, being 
a mere abbreviation, used for convenience and for greater 
brevity. It should be used only where convenience and brev- 
ity require it. Theoretically, it may be used on all simple 
letters ; but the loop is inconvenient on T>e and Te, Bra and 
Pra, and not very easily made on En, Ing, and some others. 
Where the use of the loop is inconvenient Ste should be used 

instead. 

Rem.— The initial loop is never used on the straight signs of the El series 
of compounds, nor on the signs Wa, Ya, Ha, Ja and Cha. It cannot he used 
initially on any curve commencing with a hook. 

Sec. 34. The Sir Loop. 
1.— The st loop is enlarged to imply the addition of r, as 

t. b c^ ^ -^ -^ ^ ^ 

Pest pester jest jester last luster classed cluster 



62 The Hand-Book 



Eem. 1.— The small loop is one -third the length of the letter; and the 
large loop two-thirds its length. 

Rem. 2.— The str loop is not used initially as a general contraction. 

Rem. 3.— Observe that the str loop is used to indicate the addition of r 
after an st loop, not to indicate the use of str in aU cases ; and the following 
principles should be carefully studied. 

2. Where s follows the loops it may be written on the 
opposite side of the stem, as in the examples below ; but where 
three s's occur, the long sign is used for one of them. 

Examples. 

^.^ V:^ :i^ ./-^ 5t> v^ 

Casts casters forests recesses processes successes 

3. The str loop may be used on the Be, and be followed by 
Ka in obstruct and some other words. 

Sec. 35. Circles and Loops. 

1. — The use of the circles and loops are governed by similar 
principles ; we write : 

•tb h-h r r p '^ , <p 

Pass passes past pastor muss must muster frost fullest 
a — The circle is not used in ;pace, nor the loop in _pos^, 

poster, cloister, &c. , where a long vowel or diphthong precedes 

the s, 

h — Where a vowel follows st or str, as in the words testy, 

pastry, the loops cannot be used. 

Rem. 1.— The shortened and lengthened Es is used for st and str in some 
cases where the loops cannot be used. 




OF Takigrafy.* 



63 






1 









2 



>^ \ (; V, 



I— ^ ^^±. c^ 



-"^ > > X^ "U_o ,^ ^>_o ^ 



-^-^ L_> 



64 The Hand-Book 

Writing Exercise 6. 

Use the Ste-loop in the following words : 

Stub stubbed stab stabbing stabber step stepping stepping- 
stone step-child stipulate stipendiary stag stagnate stagger 
staggering stigma stuck stucco stock stock-jobber stockade 
stocking stutter. 

Stem steam steaming steamer steam-pipe steam-car 
steamship steam-vessel steam-packet steam-power steamers 
stamp enstamp stamp-act stamping stamp-collector stomach 
stomach-pump stimulate stimulus. 

Star starry starboard starch starched stark starlight star- 
ling starter startle stereoscope stereopticon stereoscopic 
stereoscopist stereotype stereotyper sterile sterility sterling 
stir stirring steer steering steersman steerage store store- 
house stores storage. 

Use the Est-loop in the following words : 

Taxed (taxt) text waxed (waxt) vexed next mixed fixed 
hop'st weep'st wing'st winced bounced renounced lanced 
fenced (fenst). Worst forced enforced endorsed reversed 
discoursed burst. Best bust blest guest guessed gust dust 
test jest just. Pressed breast crest dressed trust thrust 
wishest wisest. Vest west rest zest hast ripest fullest cool- 
est molest suppressed encrust distrust. Recast repast em- 
barrassed embossed addressed entrust redressed. Interest 
manifest alterest expressed compressed depressed repressed 
ante-past. Most last lost least uppermost utmost rest erst 
cursed forest. 



The Ster Loop. 

Pester fester faster vaster lustre duster pastor castor jes- 
ter muster bluster cluster shyster songster fluster rhymster 
teamster sinister Chester Rochester Dorchester Manchester 
Minster monster impostor Lancaster plaster forester chorister. 

The circle after a loop, &c. : 

Pests pesters casts castors dusters festers clusters songsters 
monsters punsters teamsters choristers. Infests molests 
recasts repasts jests jesters suggests. 



OF Takigrafy. 



65 



Groups of Words on Single Stems. 



Use the loop in these words : 
Best bust boast. 

Pest past hopest apest 
suppest. 

Guest gust cased. 

Dust test taste. 

Vest vast fast breast. 

Braced prest blest placed. 

Graced crest crust crossed. 
Traced trust dressed. 
Frost thrust just jest chest. 
Fester cluster bluster. 



I But not in these : 

Beast boost based abased 
biased abused bestow beset, 

Pieced paced opposite appo- 
site opposed spaced supposed. 

Ghost goest kissed coast. 

Dosed dowsed testy tasty 
teased toast. 

Fist feast foist faced voiced. 

Bruised prized blessed placid 
pellucid. 

Greased creased cruised. 

Driest truest drawest. 

Freest throwest spiced 
cloister blister. 



Amidst the storm they sang, 

And the stars heard, and the sea, 
And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang 

To the anthem of the free. 



Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, 
Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke, 

How jocund did they drive their team afield. 

How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke. 



Can storied urn or animated bust 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? 
Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust? 

Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of Death? 



O stay ! the maiden said, and rest 
Thy weary head upon this breast ; 

A tear stood in his bright blue eye, 
But still he answered with a sigh, 
Excelsior ! 



Chapter V, — The Use of the Final Hooxs. 

Sec. 36. The iV-Hook. 

1. — A small final hook is used on the end of the large letters 
for n. This Hook is made on the left and under side of the 
straight signs, and on the inside of the curves. 

Examples. 

J c/O ._^ .^-^'^—^ 5 5^/^ 

Ebon weapon hidden rotten heaven often then men 

^ o \^ ~i <^ ^^-"-- e-.,^^ 

Non melon burn turn one luncheon agency 
2. — The a-hook of the Simple Style may be written for an, 
and the i-hook for in : 

Rem.— The n and 2?i-hooks are the same. The a;2-hook is written on the 
right and upper side of the straight stems. On the curves, no distinction in 
the hook is practicable except with the Ve, Ef, The and Tha. 

Examples. 

L J V \ _- -- ^ \ C ^ 
-^ ^ /-^ O ^ <^ '^ <^^ 

Pan, pin, gan, kin, tan, tin, fin, fan, shan, sin. 
Thin, than, minute, muslin, ran, win, chin, Jan. 

Sec. 37. The Use of the /7-Hook. 

1. — The 7i-hook is used 'vvith a short vowel in most cases. 
Where n is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, the long 
sign is generally used. 

2. — The long sign is also used in all cases where the vowel 
follows the n in the end of a word. 

3.— The ^7i-h()ok is used for an where it has the sound of 
ang in such words as hank, dranh ; and the n-hook may be 
used for in in such words as brink, drink, (&g, 

66 



The Hand-Book 67 

4. — When the circle is turned on the 7i-hook side of the 
straight signs it implies the ii, but the circle must be written 
in the an-hook, and in the hooks on the curves. 

Examples. 

3 X ^ ^ ^^ j> i^u. 

Prince prance fence France wince lance bank bone 

Rem. — The small hooks are not generally used in the Contracted style 
for the vocal sign alone ; but they may be used in some cases, without 
danger of confusion, as in the words 2)?'aciice, back, c&c, which could never 
be confounded with prank, bank. So also tick and Dick may be written 
with the i-hook as the outlines formed could stand for no other words. 

Sec. 38. The Shon Hook. 

A large final hook may be used for the termination shn 
(spelled Hon, sion, tian, cian, &c,) on most of the consonants. 

This hook is written on the right and upper side of the 
staight signs, and on the inside of the curves. 

The shon hook is used : 

1. — Where no vowel precedes the terminations, as in the 
words tension, deception, 

2. — Where the shn is preceded by the short-vowels a, e or i, 
(u, . or o), as in the words passion, discretion, rendition, 
mission, . ■ ■ 

Examples. 

Ambition passion erection revision mission ammunition repulsion. 
Rem.— Where the shn is preceded by the long vowels, J., or £7", the 
vowel is written as an affix, and the shn is ommitted. 

5. Special Use of the Shon Hook. 

1. — Where the letters mp precede the termination shn, as in 
the words redemption, the p is dropped, and the hook is writ- 
ten on the Em or Ma. 

2, — Ka is also omitted, v/hen preceded by Te or Ing, as in 
the words destruction, sanction. 



68 The Hand-Book 

Examples, 

Redemption assumption destruction instruction distinction addiction. 

3. — The m-hook is used for ition, after Be, Te, Dra, Tra, Ja 
and Chay as in magician^ nutrition, &c. 

4. — An m-hook is also used after the circle, as in position^ 
physician, and after an ?i-hook, as in mention, . 

Examples. 

Addition nutrition imposition decision transition attention mention. 

Rem. 1.— The large hook on the jEn may be used for —ntion, where it is 
preferred. 

Rem. 2.— It will be noticed that in decision, given above, and in many 
other cases, the hook is used for izhti, instead of ishn. 

5. — The circle is written in the shyi-hook, and termina- 
tions ly, ary, &c., may be added to it. In some cases, how- 
ever, the termination tional may be contracted to shl, or 
omitted. 



Examples. 

is l^ 



3 \> 



^ 



Traditions traditional passions passional traditionary dictionary. 
Provisional exceptional intentional proportional electioneer affectionate. 
6. — In the words Ocean, Prussian, Gr^ecian, and some others, 
where the shn is a radical part of the word, the hook is not 
used ; as also in the word cession, and its derivatives. These 
words are written as in the Simple Style. 

Sec. 39. The F-Hook. 
1. — On the left and under side of the straight stems, the 
large hook is used for v and /. This hook is used where the 
V is preceded by e-long, and i- and e-short, and in some cases 
with other vowels. 



OF Takigrafy. 69 



Examples. 

Brief reprieve grieve retrieve achieve differ serve 

2. — The V and /-hook may be used on the The and Qua. 

3. — The V is written in full after the circle. Ively after the 
circle, may be written by vel. 

4. — The circle maybe written in the -y-hook, and the termi- 
nations ly, ty, cfcc, may be added. 

Examples. 

Thief equivocal submissive submissively festivity positively 

Rem.— The following Writing exercises designate the proper use of the 
an, 671, in, f and tJ-hooks in many words in common use. 

Sec. 40. The Vocal i used for In, En, On, 
The vocal i (see Prefix In Chapter YIII) may be used for in 
en on, both medially and finally, as in the following examples. 
(For the half-length letters used, see the following chapter.) 

Examples. 
Infinity fasten faoinate mason Sampson medicine mercenarr listen llstenlnc 




70 



The Hand-Book 






( -^X c — ^. ^c. 

<^^ ) V \ C ^ . ^ 

y^ N 

"^ .u_ /I 



^c_^ -^ ^ l^ _ 



_%^» 



(o^ O "T, — 5, o • 






y^ 



'—ft 






U^ 



n ) n^ .--^ , ^ \._^ 



OF Takigrafy, 71 



Writing Exercise 7. 

Use the En-hook in the following words : Bin ben bun pin 
pen pun begin again hen kin ken din den dun tin ten tun 
gin chin win wen won one run earn ebon robin weapon 
akin Eden redden rotten sudden done undone Latin origin 
urchin margin welkin born burn spurn stern well-born 
stubborn stubbornly stubbornness steam-engine leathern 
southern London. Fin fen fun often soften seven eleven 
ravine thin then men mean meaning amen skin spin grin 
spun stone aspen trodden cabin. 

Prince pins pens pence tens tense clinics currency cousin 
mariner foreigner minute mi-nute minutely eminence dom- 
ineer dentifrice tremendous discriminate determinate pre- 
dominate calumniate obstinate patentee trinity plenipotence 
plenipotentiary procrastinate mendacious Monday mandarin. 

U^e the An-hooJc in the following words : — Ban pan dan 
tan rattan fan ran than clan span scan plan bran stain 
sprain explain prance pans trance spans France lance 
strains sprains explains plantation chandelier shanty maintain 
maintenance planet planetary aggrandize. 

Use the En and An hooks before k in : 

Bank brink pink plank prank crank clank drink drank 
frank shrank stank stink sink wink chink 

Use the vocal hook without n in : Back black pack 
brackish pra^ctice Dick tick trick chick chicken kip gift. 

The En is written in full in : — Bone boon bane bean paean 
pine upon pain pane cane gain cone gone dawn dine tine 
tune bony pony tiny downy penny puny slimy money. 

Shine sheen shone thine mine main moan moon noon 
nine line loon lane lean lone rain roan ruin wean wine 
Jane June china ocean can gun organ wagon reckon 
weaken silken slacken shrunken drunken token liken. 

Writing Exercise 8. 

Use the Shon hook in the following words : — Destitution 
restitution prostitution substitution elocution ascension 
recension munition admonition proportion prosecution 



i J 



9 



The Hand-Book 



oppression passion ambition volition portion apportion 
eviction suppression election revision supervision vision 
prevision. 

Use the Shon hook omitting the Ka : Attraction detraction 
destruction dejection ejection injection instruction rejection 
direction retraction restriction. 

Use the In hook for Ishii in these words : Addition attri- 
tion edition logician magician rendition tradition 
statistician expedition perdition superstition traditions 
traditional additions additional. 

Use the In hook for Shn after the circle : — Decision pre- 
cision acquisition requisition position imposition physician 
excision opposition proposition disposition. 

Use the In hook for Shn after the En hook : Attention 
pretention retention prevention mention. 

Use Zhe for Zhn : Cohesion adhesion erosion corrosion 
explosion del-usion infusion diffusion suffusion obtrusion 
detrusion profusion intrusion der-ision coZZ-usion effusion 
affusion allusion elusion illusion. 

Use the t?-hook in these words : Beef peevish deaf brief 
reprieve retreive grieve grief heave weave bereave drive 
driven chief achieve mischievous chieftain restive festive 
sensitive laxative positive festivity definitive curve serve 
service revive reverence reference raveling strive striven 
divergence diversity diversely diversify diversion reversion 
divine define definition definite devise devisable divide 
dividend divisor defend defense defeat diverge illustrative 
destructive authoritative native nativity believe deprive 
thief thievd thrive equivocal quiver monograph lithograph 
lithographic lexicographic authographic hieroglyphic. 

After the circle the termination ive is written by Ve : 

Aggressive delusive oppressive impressive progressive 
decisive passive possessive receive deceive. 

The Ve is also used in these words : Brave deprave deprive 
grave gave groove drove drive strive supervise puff tough 
stuff stave gruff trough rough grove stove wove prove 
clove drove glove. 



Chapter VI. — Shortened Letters. 



Sec. 41. Half Length Letters. 

1. — All the large letters may be written half length, to im- 
ply the sounds of d and t : — the light letters when halved im- 
plying t, and the heavy letters d. 

2. — The letters m, n, I and r, known as the liquids, imply t 
when shortened, but the halved letters are shaded to imply 
the sound of d. 

Examples. 

u <^ ^ tt^ -^ c^^ c>'^ t/^ 7 7 Ix 

Apt act aft lagged received soothed seized thought pate straight. 
Attempt aimed ant end wilt willed art aired tart paired. 

Rem.— Students should observe, that only these four letters are shaded to 
imply d. This principle is not applied to any of the other letters, though in 
some cases, as will be seen in the next section, a light letter is used to im- 
ply a d, and a heavy letter to imply a t, contrary to the rule. 

3. — The half length is used when a vowel intervenes between 
the halved letter, and the following d and t. In this case any 
vowel may intervene — long, short, or diphthongal ; but the 
half length can not be used, when the d or t belongs to an- 
other syllable. The half length may be used, for instance, in 
pout, but not in poet. 

Examples. 

Bead bowed peat pout feet vowed white right greed bride sprite threat 

73 



74 The IIand-Book 

Sec. 42. The Use of the Half Length Letters. 

1. — The half length letters are used quite freely, and shorten 
the outlines of thousands of words ; but there is some limita- 
tion to their use. Though De, Te^Ja, Cha, may be shortened, it 
is frequently quite as easy to lengthen the stroke by adding 
the full length De and Te as to shorten it to imply them. 
In the following cases, the shortened letters cannot be used : 
a. Where the shortened letter does not make a distinct an- 
gle with the letter to which it is joined. 

h. Where a vowel follows d or f in the end of a word. 
Examples. 

~2. Jl^ -^ cr^ ^ \ 

Dealt lofty arched hardy wretched caged 
2. — In words of one syllable, the rule limiting the use of the 
half length, to cases v/here a light sign implies a t and a heavy - 
sign a d, should be generally followed ; there are, however, 
some exceptions. 

Exceptions. 

Could should would had but that great called toward. 

3. — There are some other cases of words of one consonant 
stem that imply a f , when heavy, in which a connective vowel 
is used, as in the words, gate, bright. Where two or more 
consonant stems occur, such exceptions are more frequent, as 
in the words forget^ arrogate^ habit, <Soc. 

Sec. 43. Shortened Stems HAviNa Final Hooks. 

1. — Stems ending in the small final hooks, may be shortened 
to imply d and t, and the added letter is read after the hook. 
In these cases more freedom is allowed in implying both d and 
t by light letters, and vice versa, but the rule should never be 
lost sight of, as its violation leads in many cases, to illegible 
forms. 



OF Takigraft: 75 







Examples. 






J 


b -^ ^ 


^ \> U U 'P ^ 


cJ> 


o-^ 





-y^ ^ % 


^ ^ ^^ <yO 


^> 


j^ 



Bend band tent taunt Kent cant pent pant spent scant slant strand 
Bent tend canned pend spend scanned 

Opened likened attend skinned softened thinned sinned went grant blent 
sickened wind, wont grand blend 

2. — Stems ending in the large hooks are not shortened with 
the same freedom, as those ending in the small ones, as it is 
not so easy to distinguish differences in the size of the hooks on 
the shortened stems ; such forms however, are sometimes used. 

3. — In some cases the i;-hook after the shortened Ka, may 
be read last, as in active, 

4. — The termination ance is added in a similar manner, to 
the halved p, as in the words acceptance, reluctance. 

5. — The termination ity is added to the t;-hook by a tick 
in words where the t cannot be so easily added. 

6. — In like manner a tick may be added to an n-laook to im- 
ply a following vocal, as in the word plenty, in the examples 
below : 

Impassioned grieved active reluctance plenty, 

apportioned served acceptance receptivity. 




76 



The Hand-Book 



6 



.3^— \/^ ..:^ -jT"^^ /^ , I'* ^\,^^ "XX? , 
Ir IS A^ Q , ---^ o % , 16 V ^ 






y '^ \ , 



If ) 



c o 



) ~l_. ^ 0- f^ "^ 



c ^ 

2 






OF Takigrafy. * 77 

V>^RiTiNG Exercise 9. 

Use siiortened letters with connective vocals where neces- 
sary : — Abode about abide bead bide bowed bait bite bid bed 
bad bud but beat peat pate pout pit pet put pot God guide 
gad good get got coat caught kite cute kit cat cut cot 
could. Deed died date taught tight apt act aft eased east. 

Viewed vied vowed vote feet feat fought fight fit fat 
foot. Sheet shoat shout shut shot should seat sate sought 
sight suit essayed esteem. That thought. Aimed meat 
ma.te mote might mute mit met mat made mead. Neat naught 
note night knit gnat nut not end and (hand) owned aunt ant. 

Lead old late light lute lout lit let lot read rate 
wrote wrought right write rout writ rat. Wait await 
wight wit wet vv^ot would. Heat hate hoot height hide. 
Chat chit-chat jade jawed chide chid. 

Shortened forms with initial hooks and circle : 

Bleed blade blued bled blood breed braid broad bride 
brewed bred blight brought bright brute. Played plate 
plead pleat plied plight plowed prayed prate pried prude 
proud. Glade glowed glide glued glad greed greet grade 
great gold. Cloyed cloud called clot clout. Trait trite. 
Fleet float flight flute flout flit flat freight fraught 
fruit fret freed fried. Short shirt threat throat. Spite 
spout spit spat spot speed spade spied supped sapped 
soaked sacked scat Scot state stout stewed sprite sprout 
sprat secret screwed street strait straight strewed smote 
smite smit smut summit seemed assumed slate sleet slat 
slight slit slot slide slid. Assert assort insert sweet sweat 
swayed send sand sunned sinned signed sound saint sent 
sennight. Wheat white whit whet what wide quote 
quite quoit quit twit. 

Use shortened stems with connected vocals : 

Body beauty pity pretty party purity duty verity forty 
severity mighty. 

Use the full-sized letters in these words : — Bowed (bode) 
bawdy beat boot body boat bout abate abet abbot bit bet 
bat payed pawed pied pad pod petty putty piety. Goad 



78 The Hand-Book 

goat gout gut agate keyed cawed cowed kit cud cod. 
Did dead dote doubt doughty duet diet ditty debt dot toad 
tied toyed teat toot. Evade void feed fade food feud fed. 
Shade shady showed shied shed shad shod shoot. Assayed 
sowed sawed sighed. 
(Use the circle in seed side aside said sod soot sit set sat sot,) 

Amid luood mode need gnawed node nude annoyed 
naughty knotty. Lade lady lied lewd loud load led. Eaid 
rowed ride rude rot rut root weed weighed wooed 
wade wed wad wood. 

Use the the tick for h, in heed head ahead. 

Hoed hied hewed chewed cheat jute jet jot. 

Blowed bloody brood brad bleat bloat blot gloat glut 
grate groat grit grot clad clod. Druid dread treed trade 
tried trod treat treaty trout trot. Flayed fled flood frayed 
afraid fraud. Shrewd shred throughout thread. Sped 
skid scud stout steed staid stayed stead stood strayed stride 
astrayed astute sled sold senate. Quiet quota. Tweed. 

Writing Exercise 10. 

Use shortened stems ending in the £'?i-hook : 

Bend bound abound pent pant pained opened (h)appened. 
Gained Kent cannot county kind. Dent dint daunt taunt 
tint tent tend attend pretend vaunt prevent fount shan't 
shunt sinned thinned mount meant mint amend amount 
lent rent earned went want wont haunt hint gent agent 
chaunt acquaint. 

Blend bland blind plant. Imprint brand brunt grand 
ground grind drained trained. Trent front friend spent 
scant second sickened skinned stent stint stand sprained 
screened strand squint. Distant constant confront com- 
plained complaint constraint confound unbend. 

Words containing one or more shortened stems, ending in 
an En-hoo^ with other letters : 

Abundant abandoned pendency blund(er)bus accountant 
countenance stipend attendant attending attendance ped- 
antry dentiform dentistry. Bending blending branding 
granting granted branded stranded wanted contented 
intended accidental. 



OF Takigrafx. 79 



Superabound superabundant superin(cum)bent reluctant 
splendor splinter. Dependent repentance redundant pre- 
venting repugnant malignant urgently authentic acquaint- 
ance retentive merchandize resplendent quantity occupant 
provident despondent respondent substantive verdant 
servant mendicant. Boundless foundling recount redound 
elephant eloquent resident resonant attentive coincident. 
Appendix pendant appendage (Zhe) hinder hindrance. 

A full length letter, followed by a shortened En : 

Bind paint plaint pawned pond conned. Deigned dined 
donate taint toned tuned astound. Feint faint font signed 
mind. Leaned loaned lined lend lint lenient. Rained 
round wound ruined rend weaned waned wind w^ound. 

Hind hound joined joint jaunt quaint. Blonde planed 
planned planet. Brained grained granite grind trend 
frowned shrined spanned stained strained predominant. 

Miscellaneous words containing shortened stems or letters : 

Portentous sentiment sentient lamenting emigrant orna- 
ment adornment assortment arraignment alignment cormo- 
rant resentment merchantman recreant evident gormandize 
tenement rubicund prevalent pertinent permanent 
termigant emergent admittance vindictive sycophant expo- 
nent dissolvent supplicant adjutant coadjutant coherent 
penitent omnipotent refrigerant precipitant. Correspond 
correspondent correspondence responding despondency 
Pentateuch pursuant. 

Written with full length signs : 

Boned Bennett bonnet bounty pound peanut fantastic 
benignity Gannet count vanity sonnet linnet monotonous 
renewed junta. Browned crowned gradation denominate 
ordinance pendulum penitence penetrate plenitude 
dignitary. 

The Jn-hook, tick, termination, ance, &c., 

Divinity tendency receptivity activity plenty plenteous 
affinity profanity acceptance reluctance curved served 
observed subserved preserved reserved deserved. Passion- 
ate proportionate impassioned proportioned. 



Chapter VII. —Lengthened Curves. 



Sec. 44. Double Length Curves. 

1. — The consonant curves are made twice their usual length 
to imply the addition of tr or dr to their own proper sounds. 
This contraction applies : 1st, to cases in which the tr or dr 
follows the lengthened letter without an intervening vowel, as 
in the words after, enter, 2d. where a vowel intervenes, as in 
fetter, latter. 

Rem.— It should be observed, that when aV and tr are implied by the 
lengthened curves, there can be no vowel sound between the d ov t and r. 
It would not do, for instance, to use the double length in entire, much less in 
Ontario. The double length letter is not used where a vowel follows the r 
in the end of a word, as in lottery, but when another consonant is added, it 
may be used, as in lateral. 

2. — Where the dr and tr form a diphthong, as in the words 
entry, sundry, <Sbc., the compounds of the r series are emplo^^ed, 
though some long words form exceptions, as eccentric, intrinsic, 

3. — The liquid curves En and El, when doubled to imply dr, 

are made heavy, as under, elder ; but Ma is not shaded except 
to imply emper, ember, emple, emble, 

4. — A heavy letter may imply a tr and a light letter a dr in 
some cases ; as in the words voter, shudder ; but the lengthened 
Isk may be shaded near the end in slnidder and the lengthened 
/ in fodder for the sake of greater distinctness. 

5. — The signs Qua and Twa, are lengthened in analogy with 
the other curves, as in equator, twitter, 

6. — The lengthened curves are vocalized, in the same man- 
ner as the simple letters, but the vowels which follow, are 
read before the added letters, as with the half lengths. 

When the circle is added to a lengthened curve, it is read last 
of all, but the n of the n-hook may be read before the implied 
dr and tr, as in mentor, reminder, 

80 



OF Takigraft? 



81 



Examples. 



) ( J J V, ^ 





. ^ U—^ 

1 Enter entry sunder sundry sister suitor. 

2. After shutter litter leader bindery shoulder literal equator thunder. 

3. Matters mentor reminder latterly flutter slighter matter murder. 

4. Twitters posters letters binder disastrous disasters. 

7. — Emp may be lengthened when written upwards to imply 
hv and pr, as in damper, timber, and when written downwards 
to imply hi and _pZ, as in temple, tumble. 
Examples. 



T r 



< r 



Damper timber temple trample December resemble assemble. 

Sec. 45. Lengthened Upstrokes. 

Ra and Wa may be made twice their usual length to 
imply tr, as in writer, water. 

Rem. 1. The iV-hook is not used with the lengthened upstrokes as it is 
with lengthened curves, but when written is read last, as in warn, sworn. 

Rem. 2. In winter, hunter, wonder, the half length followed by the ^.-hook 
and Ra is used. 

Rem. 3. It should be observed that the lengthened upstrokes include the 
r, so that they imply tr with some propriety. The other straight signs Be 
Pe Ga Ka Be Te, do not include r when lengthened, and so cannot properly 
imply it. 

Examples. ~^ 

Writer water warn horn sworn wonderful hinder hindrance. 

<^ <:>^ 

Sec. 46. The Double Lengths , and other Forms of 
Contractions. 
In many cases some other form of contraction takes the 
place of the lengthened curve. 



82 The Hand-Book 

1. — The large loop is used in pester, lustre, bluster, &c,, 
instead of the lengthened Es, 

In general the lengthened s is used in cases analagous to 
those in which the halved s would be used. Thus we have Est 
in coast, post ; and Ester in coaster and poster. 

2. — In muster, duster, jester &c., we have the large loop ; 
though Ester is used in such words as cloister, Zoroaster, 
where the loop could not be employed ; and, for the sake of 
distinction of outlines, in the words foster, blister dtc. ; distin- 
guishing them from fester and bluster. 

Rem. 1. The lengthened cnryes ending in the 7i-hook form exceptions to 
the general rule, as a lengthened En could be written for ndr instead of 
lengthening the preceding letter. So also a halved letter, followed by Ra 
or Ar can be substituted for the double length. 

Rem. 2. More complete directions for writing words in which a differ- 
ence of outline is possible, are given in the writing exercises. 

Sec. 47. Treble Length Curves. 

1. — All the curves except Ing mq,y be made three times their 
usual length to imply thr, as in the words another, neither. 

2. — The letters Fra and Ma may be shaded slightly near the 

end, to distinguish them more fully from the double lengths, 

but En and Es can be sufficiently distinguished by an increased 
length. 

Rem. Some lengthened curves are used only in phrases. 

3. — Ing is lengthened to imply gr in such words as anger, 
linger &c. ; when a vowel follows the gr as in angry, the Gra 
must be used. 

4. — Ner is lengthened to imply kr, and Nel and Ingl to imply 
M and gl, as in tinker, uncle, tingle. 

Examples. 




(1.) Another neither anger tinker 

(2.) Tinkle tingle twinkle strangle 



OF Takigrafy. 



Sec. 48. Treble Length Ra, Wa, Ha and Wha. 

The Ra and the stem of the Wa, Wha and Ha may be made 
three times the usual length, and shaded near the end, to im- 
ply thr, as in the words rather, weather, heather, whither &c. 

Examples. 




Rather weather (wither) heather whither farther. 

2. — As the treble length curves occupy considerable space 
the upstrokes may be commenced one length below the line, 
and the down strokes a little higher than usual so as to bring 
the outline as near as possible to a central posi^aon. 
Examples. 




Mother, angle, thither, will there be, farther than, on the othsr hand. 




84 



The Hand-Book 



>" 7. 



C n^ 



-"^ 



l^ \^l ^ ^ %, 



s 



) ^ c/— 



, 1 ^ 
^-^ ^ "X ^'-^ V • 

v., .^ c^^ -• 

) ^ oi — ^ -V ^ (^ - y 



OF TAKIGRAFy. 85 



Writing Exercise 11. 

Use the double length curves : 

Provider voter sister Easter defaulter defrauder comforter 
fetter fritter shatter shutter shudder suitor cedar cider in- 
suiter benefactor malefactor manufacture compositor visitor, 
depositor center eccentric concentric heliocentric intr(in)sic. 
Shoulder shelter equator quarter squatter quadra(t)ure twit- 
ter interest disaster. Fitter litter letter latter fatter fodder 
laughter after rafter matter meter mutter alter filter elder 
wilder wilderness under tender ponder entertain intersperse 
slaughter slater sunder meander render defender quadrangle. 
Flitter sifter falter flatter flutter fritters oysters lighter 
loiter -murder northern dissenter invader innovator elevator. 

Ember and Emper. — Lumber timber September November 
December member remember amber slumber chamber limber 
temper temperance temperament distemper damper hamper 
crimper pamper scamper whimper bumper jumper thumper. 

Embl and Empl. — Emblem tremble mumble tumble nimble 
thimble gambol jumble amble ample trample bramble humble 
temple dimple rumple crumple grumble rumble fumble 
sample dissemble assemble resemble reassemble preamble. 

Use trebled curves :— Another neither mother father 
thither further blinker canker clinker drinker hanker hun- 
ker hunger rancor spanker thinker tinker winker. Tinkle 
twinkle crinkle sprinkle jingle mingle tingle dangle 
strangle bangle wrangle step-mother step- father. Anger 
languor anchor linger drinker periwinkle finger longer 
anthropology misanthropy. 

Not used in angle, mangle, tangle, jangle. 

Use trebled strokes in rather farther weather whither 
heather hitherward. 

Lengthened curves ending in the ^n-hook : 

Vender inventor fainter thunder mentor minter fomenter 
tormenter covenanter lender finder cylinder slender slander 
Polander Hollander lavender flinder remainder islander 
germander gerrymander (ga) salamander yonder mender. 

The ^n-hook is not used in center asunder founder flounder 
precentor meander monitor &c. 



86 The Hand-Book 



Rear on high the scaffold altar ; 

All the world will turn to see 
How a man has dared to suffer 

That his brothers may be free. 
Rear it on some hillside, looking 

North and South and East and West. 
Where the wind from every quarter 

Fresh may blow upon his breast. 
And the sun look down unshaded 

From the chill December sky, 
Glad to shine upon the hero 

Who for Freedom dares to die. 



Twinkle, twinkle, little star. 

How I wonder what you are, 

Up above the world so high, 
Like a diamond in the sky. 



Whither ? ah ! whither ? — Into the sileni land ; 
Clouds in the evening sky more swiftly gather. 
And shatter'd wrecks lie thicker on the strand. 



Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth, while 
the evil days come not, nor the years draw nigh when thou 
shalt say, I have no pleasure in them. 

A soft answer turneth away wrath, but grievous words stir 
up anger. 

For whosoever shall do the will of my father which is in 
heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother. 

What thou knowest not now, thou shalt know hereafter. 

If thine enemy hunger feed him, and if he thirst give him 
drink, for in so doing, thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his 
head. 

For one people shall be stronger than the other people, and 
the elder shall serve the younger. 



Chapter VIII. Prefixes 



Sec. 49. Simple Prefix Signs. 
The prefix signs most commonly employed are the following : 

y] com, con -— extra-i-u ^ magna-i 

cJ self 
s. contra -] im, in ^^ ^^^^^ 

\^ counter ^^^ intra-i-o-u ^ with 

1. — Con and Com are represented by the same signs : — 
written downward in the direction of Ka, and upward in the 
direction of Ea. These signs are about one-third the length 
of the full sized letters, and are joined in the outline. 

Examples. 

Console consider compress comply compose concede condemn convey. 
2. — The first sign for con and com is used in all words in 
which these prefixes are followed by 

( ( ^ ^ r- ^ ^ ^_ 7 7 

11 r r ^' N \ ^ <r- e- 

3. — The second form struck upward, is used when fol- 
lowed by 

I |N\_ ) )v^>^Q^<^ ^- 

4.— The following words deserve special mention : 

Command commit commission concomitant uncommon intercommunicate. 
Rem. 1. In some words con and com are not prefixes but form the root of 
the word, as in conical from cone, and comical from the Latin comicus : such 
words should be written in fuU. The principal words of this class are coma, 
combf come, comet, comic, comity, con and conic. 

87 



88 The Hand-Book 

Kem. 2. "Words in which com is followed by a root commencing in m, drop 
the m of the root in most cases ; thus we have comr-ence, corn-union, corrir-une 
for commence, communion, commune. 

Rem. 3. The word connect and its derivatives also lose the n of the root, 
but connive, connatural, and other words in which con is followed by n in 
the root, retain the second n. 

Eem. ^.— Con maybe frequently omitted before De, Te, Ye and Ef, and 
wherever it cannot be easily joined 

Sec. 50. Contra, Counter, Magna-i, Self, Trans, With, 
These prefixes need no special comment ; their use can be 
learned from the following 



^ > \ — ■ ^ f^ 

Contradistinguished counterfeit countersign magnanimous magnificent 

counteract 
Selfish self-educated transgress " transact withdraw withstand. 

Rem. 1. The first sign for counter is preferred when it can be joined in 
the outline. 

Rem. 2. In trans the circle is written on either side of the Te, as in the 
examples transgress, transact, given above. 

Sec. 51. Extra-i-u, Ex and Exter &c. 

1. — Extra is used in such words as extra-professional, 
extrude &c, 

2. — The large loop is used initially on Ma and Ea in the 
words exterminate, extreme and their derivatives. 

3. — Extem and Exter are written with the ^f~loop on the 
Ma, Ea, and Ar, 

4. — The k may be omitted in some cases, and the circle in 
Expl as will be seen in the following 

Examples. 



^6 ^ 



^ \p >. V 



Extra-professional extravagant extricate extrude extreme exterminate. 
Externality extemporaneus extension extensively expulsion explicit explore 



OF Takigrafy^ 89 

Sec. 52. Im, In, Intra-e-i-o-u and Intrans. 

1. — The prefix Im is used only when followed by m in the 
root, as in imraense. 

2. — When Im precedes a root commencing with any other 

letter than m the vowel is omitted, and Ma is written for the 

prefix. 

Examples. 

Immense immaterial impress implied impact impartial inimitable. 

Eem. In impartial, imperishable, and some other words the Im.p may be 
used as given above. 

3. — The prefix in is used whenever convenient, and is joined 
in the outline. 

Examples. 



? ^ \ ^ ^ 5 



Income index integral inaugural injure insure inbred incurred. 
Infringe influx inauthentic initial inelegant investigate infest incite. 

4. — This prefix cannot be used before the letters 

and the compounds of the Z-hook series, except Gla, Cla, Fla, 
Zliel and Shel. Where the prefix is inconvenient the letter 
En is written instead. In some cases, however, Ha is omitted, 
and the prefix retained. 

Examples. 

Inweave indwell injudicious initiate insatiate inhabit 

5. — The circle is written in the prefix, but when in is fol- 
lowed by sb sp sg sk sd and st, the circle comes on the i^-hook 
side, which form is also used with the trigraphs Sera, Stra &c. 

Examples. 

V- x^ ^ ^ y e N 

Insufferable insoluble insurmountable insist insensible inscribe instrument. 
Insubordinate inspire inspirit insect incidental institute insignificant. 



90 



The Hand-Book 



G. — The prefix Intra is formed by simply omitting the r-hook. 
In analogy with this the hook of the trans is omitted in intrans. 



Examples. 



intransitive 



Intricate intrepid intransitive introduce intrude. 

7 — 3Iel is used for the prefix midti, as given in Chap. 3, 
Sec. 17. 

Sec. 53. Other Prefixes and Prefix-Syllables. 



Epi pre par post 
per para, peri 



preter super subter bene 



ais 
dys 



dent. 



Fare an, en ant, ent enter 
fire, fore un,on ante, anti inter 



under 



sine 



Ultra retro water wood 

Pal cal tel val fal ver 

pol, pul col, cul vol, vul fol, ful 



hydro hypo hyper 

fer ther mer 



Examples. 



cent! 
cent. 



out. 




1. Epigram pre-eminent permanent paragraph partial perish postpone. 

2. Subterfuge benefit dentiform farewell fire-wood forenoon. 

3. Enlarge antepast antagonist enterprise interference understand. 

4. Nondescript nonsense sinecure synonym centigrade centennial. 

5. Ultramarine retrograde water-wheel wood-bine out-do outrage. 

6. Palpable political calculate college telegraph valor vulgar fulcrum. 



OF Takigraey. 91 



The Prefix Ad before V and J. 

2. — Where the prefix ad is followed by t? and j as in the words 
advise, adjoin, it may be written by the vocal sign. This 
prefix is used in the words adverb, advocate, advance, adven- 
ture, adjudge, adjoin, adjunct, adjust. Sec, 

Rem.— For the prefi2: syllables ab ac ad ag &c,, see page 101. 

Sec. 54. Compound Prefixes. 

The prefixes Com and Con are frequently preceded by de, 
dis, in, mis, re, and un, as in decom, discom, incom, &c. In 
these cases the prefixes are joined in the outline if convenient: 
In some cases however, the prefix which precedes the con or 
com may be joined to the root of the word, and in a few cases 
may be written over it disjoined, and the con or com omitted. 

Rem. 1. The prefixes circum, encum, incurn, recum may be written with a 
prefix as though they were circom, encom &e. 

Rem. 2. Becog may be written by the Ba in recognize, recognition &c. 

Examples. 






•-j^ ^^1 



<; 

(1) Discompose decompose discomfort discommode encumber incumbent. 

circumstance 
(2.) Incompatible incompressible incongruous inconstant incontrovertible. 

incomplete inconsiderable 

(3.) Inconvertible reconcile uncontro verted uncontradicted unaccomplished. 

recommend 
(4.) Recognize misinform accompany accomodate inconsistent unmagnified. 



^ 



92 



The Hand-Book 






^ .-^ 



\ 



A 



/-s --Lp 






OF Takigrafy. * 93 

WmTiNa Exercise 12. 

In the following words use the shortened Ka for con and com : 

Comprise compress comprehend complain conclude con- 
glomerate construct conceive contract consecrate consider 
conspicuous consecutive consequential consult considerable 
consummate consist conscious conjure {zhr) conserve con- 
trol console concise concision concession committal 
conquest conclave concrete congress confront converse 
conquer comfort comprehensive compliance compressible 
compromise consulting concentrative concessive conclusive 
conceal consociate consistent concert conciliate conservative. 

Use the up-stroke in : Connecting concurring concord 
concave concavity converge converse conversing convince 
convene confine confide confound confessing confidant 
convex convict convention convenience concupisence 
confessor concurrent confirm. 

Combine compose compute concede conceding constitute 
constabulary comparative compatible compatriot compound 
compensate competent component comport. 

This prefix may be disjoined before De and Te : Condensing 
condign conducting condemn continue contaminate contain. 

Omit the m and n in the root after the prefix ; Command 
commend commemorate commensurate comment commerce 
connecting commingle commission commissioner commode 
commodity commodore commune common communicate 
community. 

Write the m and n in the root after the prefix : Com- 
miserate commissary commissariat commigrate commix 
commove connate connex connatural connive connote 
connumeration connubial. 

Immaculate immortal immaterial immeasurable immov- 
able immutable innoxuous innovate innate innutritions. 

With full length Ka : Commute. 

Use the prefix contra contri : Contradict contradiction 
contradistinguish contravene contravention contraband 
contract contraposition contraversion contrary contrariety 
contribute contributive contributor contrive contrivance 
contriver. 



94 The Hand-Book 

Writing Exercise 13 

Use Ma for im in : Imbecile imbitter imbosom imbue 
impair impartial impart impassable impeach impel imper- 
ceptible imperfect impertinent imperative impious impla- 
cable implant implead implicit implore imply import 
impost impressible imprudent impugn impunity. 

Use the prefix for in in : Inaccessible inaccurate inactive 
inadequate inadmissible inalienable inalterable inapplicable 
inappropriate inarticulate inaudible inaugural inauspicious 
inborn inbreathe inbred incapable incapacitate incisive 
incline inclose income incorporeal incorrect incrust incredible 
increase incredulous incredulity inculpate incurable indecent 
indebted indefatigable indelible indefensible indelicate 
indestructible indicate indictable indiscriminate indisposed 
indissoluble indolent induce indwell inebriate ineffable 
inequality inert inertness inestimable inevitable inexcusable 
inexpedient inexpressible inextinguishable inextricable in- 
fallible infamous infatuate infect infer inferior inflame 
infest inflict influence inform infract ingrate inimitable 
iniquity initial innocence innovate innumerable inoperative 
inordinate inquire inroad inscribe inscrutable inseparable 
insolvency insult insure insurmountable intellect intend 
intemperate intimate intimidate intuitive invalid inventive 
invariable investigate invent invincible involuntary invul- 
nerable incendiary incense instruct inspect insect inspire 
inspirit institute insubordinate instantaneous incentive. 

The En is used in the words incessant insatiable incest, 

Magna-I. — Magnify magnificent magnificence magnitude 
magnanimous magnanimity. 

Self. — Self-denial self-denying self -admiring self-conceit 
self-conscious self-esteem self-evident self-interest selfish 
selfishness self-same self-will. 

With. — Withdraw withstand withhold within without. 
Herewith therewith wherewithal. 

Intra-i-o-u. — Introduce intromit introcession intrinsic 
intrinsically intrench intrepid intricacy intrigue introvert 
intrude intrusive intransitive intransmissible intransmutable. 

Trans.— Transact transatlantic transcend transcribe 



OF Takigrafy* 95 



transcript transept transfer transform transfuse transgress 

transitive translate translucent transmigrate transmissible 

transmit transmute transparent transplant transport trans- 
pose transverse. 



Writings Exercise 14. 

1. — Write ha for ex in : Explain expletive explicate explicit 
explode exploit explore explosion. 

2 — Write stra for extra and extri in : Extradition extract 
extrajudicial extraneous extricate inextricable extravagant 
extrude. 

3. — Use the loop for ex in : Extemporize extemporaneous 
external, and the large loop for exter in exterminate extraor- 
dinary extreme. 

The Prefix Syllables epi, non, para, post, preter, &c. 

Epidemic epicure epigram pretermit preternatural preem- 
inent perish partial particle paraphernalia paradox parallel 
paraphrase paragraph periwinkle periwig permanent postal 
postoffice pospaid postpone postage superfluous superstitious 
superstition supererogation superficial superfluity supervision 
superfine superintend superincumbent supercede supervene 
superabundant supernatural subterraneous subterfuge. 

Benefactor benevolent benefaction benefit benefice distort 
disjoin dysentery dyspepsia dentiform dentistry farewell 
fire-wood fire-place fire-fly fire-proof forenoon fore-castle 
fore-knowledge fore-arm forethought animal enlarge endow 
unseen anteater antepast antagonist antidote entrance 
entwine enterprise entertain interference interview inter- 
pose interweave understand underrate undergo. 

Nonexistence nonresistance nonpayment nonperformance 
nondescript nonsense sinecure synonym synthesis syncope 
syndicate synod synopsis centigrade centennial ultramarine 
retrogression retrocession retroversion retrograde retrospect 
waterwheel waterfall watermelon water-course water-lily 
water-power water-spout water-cure woodbine woodman 
woodland hydrogen hydrostatics hypochondriac hypocrite 
hypothecate hyperbola outfit outgo outlaw outlet outline 
outnumber outshine outside outdo outrapje outward. 



96 The Hand-Book 



Palpable political calculate calisthenics kaleidoscope collect 
culture cultivate telegraph telephone telegram valor volley 
voluble vulgar vulture vortex fallacy folly mermaid energy 
nervous fervid thermal thermometer fulcrum verdant 
multiply multitude. 

Compound Prefixes. 

Write the prefix com and con : Accomplice accomplish 
incombustible encumber incumber discomfort discommode 
discompose disconcert disconsolate incommensurate incom- 
mode incommodious incommunicable incommutable incom- 
pact incomparable incompatible incompetent incomplete 
incompliance incomprehensible incompressible inconcealable 
inconclusive in congenial incongruous inconsequent incon- 
siderable inconsistent inconsolable inconspicuous inconstant 
inconsumable incontrovertible inconvertible inconvincible 
incumbent recommence (re-downward) recommend recon- 
cile recondite reconquer reconsecrate reconsider reconstruct 
recontinue reconvene reconvert reconvey. 

Uncomfortable uncompromising unconcerned uncondi- 
tional unconformable unconscionable unconscious uncon- 
trollable unconverted uncontroverted uncontradicted unac- 
complished. Circumcision circumference circumflex cir- 
cumfuse circumspect circumvent. 

Miscomfort miscomprehend misconception misconceive 
misconduct misconstruct misconstrue misinform. Noncon- 
ductor nonconformity noncontagious. 

Precompose preconcert preconstitute noncombatant non- 
commissioned noncommital noncompliance nonconcurrence 
nonconformist intercommunion intercomparison. 

Omit com, con and cog : Accommodate accompany decom- 
pose (disjoin) decompound encompass disconnect discontent 
discontinue inconceivable incontestable-^ incontinent incon- 
venient recognize recompense reconnoitre tmcommon (disjoin) 
uncommunicable unconstitutional circumlocution circum- 
navigate circumcise circumscribe circumstance preconceived 
preconformed. 

Miscellaneous : — Unmagnified unimagined unintelligent 
uninterested reinaugurate reinsert reinsure ^«^^nat)ect. 



Chapter IX. — Affix-Signs. 

Abbreviated signs are provided for the most frequently re- 
curring affixes. Their use vrill be easily understood from the 
following table and examples. 

Sec. 55. TABLE OF AFFIX-SIGNS. 
c ation 



J 
I 

I 



9 

d 



otion 

ution 

bihty 

bieness 

barity 

pality 

ography 

ocracy 

graph 

graphic 

hood 

tude 



j fication 
( faction 

fullness 





ship 


u :: 


' tional 


c/- 


" tionality 


/^ 


ometer 


<^ 


self 


y 


lessuess 


c^ 


with 


c^ 


ward 


<J 


ure 


C.J 


ual, ural 


c/ 


ually, urally 


J 


ular 


^ 


ize 


JP 


nation 


^ 


ulation 


r 


ology 



97 



98 The Hand-Book 

Examples. 




V \y i/^ \^ '^ v^ s^ 

1. Hesitation emotion restitution debility reasonableness barbarity disparity. 

2. Municipality geography theocracy telegraph telegraphic likelihood. 

3. Infinitude howsoever helpfullness partnership constitutional nationality. 

ratification 

4. Thermometer recklessness therewith reward nature natural naturally. 

myself 

5. Gradual ocular epitomize secularize graduation congratulation theology. 

Sec. 56. The Use of the Affixes. 

1. — The affix at ion may follow the circle or a loop. 

2. — The hook may be used for ution as in constitution ; but 
the vocal sign is more distinctive and should be used in most 
cases. 

Rem.— The affixes ation, oiion, ution, should be studied in connection with 
the 65A??-hook explained in chapter 8. 

3. — The terminations asion, esion, osion, usion, in which the 
s has the sound of zhe, are written by the use of that letter as 
in the following 

Examples. 

V< -^ --< — < 1^ '^ 

Persuasion adhesion erosion allusion compensation incrustation. 
4. — In analogy with the signs for hility^ pality, parity, we 
have the following i 

I \, ^^ _ _ _ _^ )t ) r 

Ferity gality garity delity telity tality tility vility verity merity. 

Mllity nality nority rality rllity yality charity gility jority 
Rem. 1.— It will be noticed that ail of these signs may be reduced to one 
principle. They provide for omitting the syllables ality, elity, ility, arity, and 
erity, indicating them by the vowel that precedes the /. 



OF Takigraft. 



99 



Rem. 2.— The signs for perity, derity, terity, verity, merity, and delity, having 
no attached vocals are disjoined if necessary to legibility. 

Rem. 3.— Observe that the full vowel is used for ility, ality, instead of the 
hook, which is used only in garity, barity , parity , and j^ality, and in these cases 
the hook is made long and narrow to distinguish it from the an and shn-hooks. 

Rem. 4.— Where ility and ality is preceded by a single consonant stem, 
and followed by an s, it is better to write the word in full. 








e_p> 



1 L 



Prosperity legality vulgarity fidelity utility fatality dexterity. 

Servility severity humility temerity criminality minority morality. 

• Virility cordiality charity agility majority facility parity. 

5. — The terminations hleness and bility may add the hook 
where it is more convenient. 

6. — The vocal sign in ography and ooracy should be written 
upward when convenient, but it can be written downward 
when necessary as in geography, or omitted. 

7 — The two signs for tional are used according to convenience. 

8 — Ward is written with a full length tea shaded near the end. 

9. — Ometer, ular, idation, are double length signs. 

10. — Ize may be written with the circle where the Ze is not 
convenient ; but the long sign is to be preferred. 

11. — The circle is added to the affixes and the El is added 
for ly, or the ly is indicated by means of tne tick, as in the form 
ualy, given in the table. 

12. — The double circle may be used on ya for iousness in 
analogy with the termination lessness ; so also ciousness. 

Examples. 

Accountableness optional re warder righteousness graciousness amiability, 
familiarize 



100 The Hand-Book 

Sec. 57. Other Affix Syllables. 

Affixes not given in the table are written in accordance 
with the general principles of contractions, or in full. Such 
are the terminations ate, hie, ed, ing, ly, ment, ous, pie, &e. 

1. — The t ermination ed is frequently omitted, but a light 
dot placed at the end of the outline may be written to indi- 
date it when necessary, in cases where De cannot be joined 
in the outline. 

2. a The termination ing is easily joined in most cases, and 
should be generally used ; but in words ending in Ming, like 
acting, connecting, dec, the ing may be indicated by a tick 

h. This tick, struck upward or downward, as may be con- 
venient, may also be used after the ste and ster loops, in 
such words as jesting, casting, trusting, investing, blustering^ 
festering, &c, 

c. The tick for -ing may be used wherever it is more con- 
venient than the Ing ; as in subsisting, submitting, after the 
shortened Es and Ma ; believing, reprieving, after the F6-hook. 

Examples. 

l, -% > r^ 

Practicing ticketing infesting ministering 

3. — ^The termination fid may, in some cases, be written by 
Ef as in useful eventful, 

4. — The El is written for ly when convenient, though it may 
be indicated by the tick, as taught in the preceding section : 
when it follows a word ending in I it may be omitted. 

Examples. 

^ ^ — K^ (^ ^^ ^ y 

Printed splendid scented being amusingly naturally locally incidentally 

5. — When the termination ure follows s it is frequently writ- 
ten by s/ira or ^/ler. di^ in. fissure, pleasure. When the termi- 
nations iar, ier 8ind ure follow I they are sufficiently indicated 
by the shaded El, as in failure, familiar, collier. 

6. — The terminations ble, said pie omit the le when it cannot 
be written by the hook. 



OF Takigrafy. 101 

7. — The terminations ate, er, our, ment, mental, mentality, 
follow general principles. 



Examples. 



r-f 



/^ ^-H. \ c^^ ^ 



Vicious vitiate fissure measure familiar collier sensible municipal. 
Detriment sentiment ornamental instrumentality vigor weaker confessor. 

Kem.— The termination Mentality may also be written by the disjoined 
ment. 

Sec. 58. Repeated Letters in Initial Syllables. 

1. — In such words as abbreviate and approximate the ab and 
ap may be omitted, writing -breviate, -proximate. So ag and 
ac, ad and at, where followed by gr, cr, dr, and tr may be 
omitted, as in : Address, attribute, aggress, accredit, written 
-dress, -tribute, -gress, -credit. 

2. — The prefixes ac, af, and ag may, in like manner, be 
omitted, in some cases, before cl, fl, and gl, as in acclimate, 
afflict, ag-glutinate, written -climate, -flict, -glutinate. 

Eem. 1.— The number of words containing these initial syllables is small. 
Those omitting the prefix are abbreviate, appreciate, appropriate, approx- 
imate, aggrandize, aggress, agglomerate, agglutinate, acclimate, accredit, 
accrue, acclivity, address, attract, attribute, afflatus, afflict, affluence, and 
their derivatives. 

Rem. 2.— In a few cases the vocal sign is written, and the second con- 
sonant omitted, as in apprehensive. 

Rem. 3.— In some cases both the vocal sign and the following consonant 
may be written. 

This will be necessary only v/hen the contracted form would be liable to 
be confounded with the word stripped of the prefix, and in the case, for the 
most part, of words of infrequent occurence, such as afflux, appi^aise, which 
might be confounded withjiux smd praise. 

Rem. 4.~The ac is omitted v^ily when the following c is hard. In such 
words as accelerate, accept, accent, ancient, &c., the Ka must be written^ 
though the vowel may be omitted in many cases. 

Rem. 5.— The use of double letters in general, is taught in the Manual, 
pp. 77 to 99. The treatment of the doubled m and n with the prefixes corn 
and con, im and in, is given in Chap. YIII. In all cases not specified, it will 
be safe to omit one of the doubled letters, as in succor, affect, effect, allots 
illicit, annex, ennoble, arrest, error, irritate, asso7-t, essay. 



102 



The Hand-Book 



>-' 7, 



^_ j)^— /o/, _n^ 



-^ ^ v^ 






X^ ^ X^<] u ^~c_ . ^ / 



'v. . '-^ 






^ 



K 






OF Takigrafx- 103 



Writing Exercise 15. 

Use the terminations ation, otion, ution, in : Nation nations 
station stations ration inflation probation perturbation 
dissipation palpitation degradation gradation condensation 
pulsation incrustation expectation motion emotion potion 
devotion. 

Use zhe for the termination asion, esion, osion, iision in ; 
Abrasion persuasion evasion invasion adhesion cohesion 
erosion explosion corrosion allusion effusion confusion 
diffusion infusion. 

Use the terminal signs for bility, pality, parity y perity, &c» 
Ability indivisibility incomprehensibility fallibility prob- 
ability capability sensibility principality municipality bar- 
barity disparity prosperity frugality legality prodigality 
rascality neutrality vulgarity fidelity infidelity dexterity 
posterity brutality fatality futility utility versatility 
servility polarity severity temerity humility criminality 
finality minority plurality sterility cordiality charity agility 
majority regularity jocularity secularity particularity. 

Written in full in : Facility docility universality sincerity 
parity verity civility rarity. 

Use the terminations given in the table in : Acceptableness 
reasonableness formidableness geography stenography biog- 
raphy chirography neography photography. Takigraphy 
phonography theocracy democracy aristocracy stenographic 
takigraphic phonographic lexicographic orthographic auto- 
graph lithograph calligraph paragraph photograph. Manhood 
childhood likelihood womanhood falsehood. Magnitude sim- 
ilitude fortitude rectitude gratitude latitude. Whosoever 
howsoever whensoever whomsoever wheresoever whatsoever 
gratification ratification edification rectification mortification 
faction satisfaction fiction defection perfection. Fullness 
helpfulness carefulness artfulness carelessness helplessness 
artlessness sinlessness recklessness graciousness conscious- 
ness righteousness. Friendship authorship courtship worship 
hardship ownership partnership. Thermometer barometer 
chronometer. Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves 
herewith therewith forthwith wherewith. 



104 The Hand-Book 

Upward onward backward reward rewarder rewarding 
structure fixture lecture culture cultured sculptured stature 
posture discomfiture. Actual annual manual habitual annu- 
ally gradually spiritual structural agricultural natural 
unnatural naturally ocular secular jocular oracular vernac- 
ular particular regular. Idealize localize individualize 
familiarize. Infatuation graduation insinuation situation 
population stipulation stimulation modulation congratu- 
lation regulation granulation geology biology philology 
apology chronology technology physiology. 

Use the first sign tor tional in : National rational notional 
irrational sensational nationality occasional. 

Use the second sign for tional in : Emotional exceptional 
provisional professional optional. 

Use the I after the s/irt-hook in : Intentional passional tra- 
ditional additional confessional conventional. 

Other terminations written in accordance with general prin- 
ciples : Fragment element instrument instrumental instru- 
mentality detrimental ancient anciently patient patiently 
transient accident accidental urgent urgently gentle gently. 
Falsehood, vulgarity, recklessness and rascality are relics of 
barbarism. He received our congratulations with immense 
satisfaction. The distinguished lecturer spoke of geology, 
geography and astronomy, and said that in subsequent 
lectures he would treat of biology and mesmerism. 

Education. — Education means the development, perfection 
and proper use of the body and mind. It relates to the train- 
ing and guardianship of youth from infancy to mature age ; 
to the influencing of the character, not only of individuals but 
of nations. The highest powers and noblest sentiments of our 
nature might remain forever dormant were they not developed 
and matured by the instruction and example of the wise and 
good. In a still wider sense, education may mean the whole 
training of the thoughts and affections by inward reflection 
and outward events and actions, by intercourse with men, 'by 
the spirits of the just made perfect,' by instruction from the 
word of God, and the training of the whole man for life and 
immortality- 



Chapter X. — Phrase signs. 

Sec. 39. General Dikections for Phrase Writing. 

The general principles of phrase writing are the same in the 
Contracted as in the Simple Style, for which see Elements of 
Takigrafy pages 85 to 90. The following points should, how- 
ever, be noted. 

1. — The phrases should be short ; two or three words are 
sufficient in most cases. 

2. — Join words only when they are united in sense. 

3. — Avoid ail difficult or awkward joinings. 

Rem. 1.— In the application of these principles, the student must rely upon 
the tables until he can use them properly. He should be especially careful 
not to use a long phrase unless it is authorized in the text books. 

Rem. 2.— Words may be regarded as united in sense sufficiently to form 
a phrase if they follow one another in a natural manner ; but when sepa- 
rated by a pause of any kind, even a rhetorical pause, they cannot be joined. 

B.— The Classification of Phrase-Signs. 

Phrase-signs are either simple or contracted. Simple Phrase- 
signs are formed by joining the proper outlines of the words 
that compose them without change. 

Contracted phrase-signs are formed : a — By further con- 
tracting some of the words of which they are composed. 
b. — By omitting some of the words. 

Rem. By far the greater number of phrase-signs are simple. Contracted 
phrase-signs should not be constructed at random, but should be weU ma- 
tured and used with uniformity. 

Sec. 60.— Simple Phrases. 

Simple phrases may be formed where convenient, by joining 
articles and adjectives to nouns ; adverbs to the words which 
they qualify ; pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and auxil- 
iary verbs to one another, and to words which follow them 
generally. 

Rem.— The following tables will suflaciently illustrate the use of phrases. 
But their number may be indefinitely increased, subject, however, to the 
limitations as to length and convenience previously mentioned. 

105 



106 



The Hand-Book 



Key to Table of Simple Phrase-Signs. 



A man 

A boy 
A child 

The man 
The men 
The children 

Good men 
Good principles 
Good wishes 

Great trials 
Great measure 
Great advantages 

I shall be 
I have been 
I cannot do 

My wish 
My name 
My own 

Thy years 
Thy life 
Thine own 

He has 

He has been 

He had, He had come 

He did 
He shall 
He can 

His own 
His time 
His name 

She will 
She may be 
She has not 

Her own 
Her parents 
Herself 

It may 
It has 
It should 

Its value 
Its nature 
Its own 

We shaU be 
we have been 
We are 

Our time 
Our means 
Our own 



You can 
You could 
You have been 

You are 
You may 
You must 

Your own 
Your number 
Your name 

They will be 
They have 
They would be 

Who can be 
Who will go 
Who are they 

Which are 
Which will 
Which would 

Which has 
Which had 
Which may 

What could 
What can 
What would 

That time 
That place 
That purpose 

Are you 
Are they 
Are we 

As he 
Is he 
Was he 

Were we 
Were you 
Were they 

Have I, Have you 
Have been 
Have not been 

WiU be 
Will not be 
Will have been 

I shall be 

I shall not be 

He shall not be 

I may be 

I may have been 

I might have been 



Where are you 
Where were you 
Where wiU you 

Much more 
Much easier 
Much sooner 

Too much 
Too soon 
Too many 

Very good 
Very much 
Very many 

All times 
All places 
All the 

Quite easy 
Quite sure 
Quite likely 

So easy 
So sure 
So soon 

As may be 
As you 
As they 

As good as 
As great as 
As weU as 

As soon as 
As far as 
As fast as 

Only one 
Only this 
Only that 

How soon 
How far 
How many 

For them 
For whom 
From me 

From us 
Through such 
Through some 

Of the 
Of all 
Of which 

In the 
In us 
In some 



OF Takigra^y. 



107 



"ly Krr A 



A 



-^^ —I — i 





. J^ 


c^ 


r^ 


rT 


rT 


cJ-^ 


c^-A 


^^^ 


v_yl 


^ 


s 


^ 


< 


^ 


/ 


J 


<=-^ 


^ 


r ^ 


^ r 




^ 


3 




- ^~.^^ 


/^ 


^ 


y^ 


c^ 


qy 


^ 


^-N C 


i^ i 


^ 


^ 


-^ 


^ 


^Ol 


'cy-i 


-L^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 



? o 5 




nT 



108 The Hand-Book 

Sec. 61. Regularly Contracted Phrases. 
All the contractions employed in word-forms may be ap- 
plied to phrases where they are convenient and necessary. 
The contractions employed in phrases are, a — The hook-signs, 
h — The circle and double circle, c — Loops, d — Final hooks, 
e — Shortened letters, / — Lengthened letters. 

Rem. 1. — The examples in the following table will sufficiently illustrate 
the use of this class of phrases. The student should not seek to invent 
contracted phrases. Simple phrases are preferred where they can be used. 

Key to Phrase-Signs Using the General Principles 
OF Contraction. 

1. — It will, we will, you will, he will, who will, you will, 
when is, what is, where is, it is. 2. — That is, which is, there 
is, he is, who is, this is easy, this is not, it is as, which is as. 

3. — As true as, as strong as, as straight as, as some say, as 
they say, let us, bring us. 

4. — Thou wast, thou hast, thou must, thou mightest, thou 
must be, thou canst, thou couldst, thou wishest, thou shouldst. 

5. — Thou art, thou wert, thou wilt, thou shalt, art thou, 
wilt thou, wert thou, wast thou, wouldst thou. 

6. — Canst thou, couldst thou, dost thou, didst thou, hast 
thou, hadst thou, shalt thou, shouldst thou. 

7. — Can not, could not, do not, did not, ought not, should 
not, better than, sooner than, faster than, swifter than. 

8. — As it (is it), as it is, as it was, as it were, as it will be, 
of it, of its, if it, if its, if it was, if it was not, while it is, 
while it was. 9. — For there is, for there was, if there is, of 
their, from their, though there, I think there is, through their, 
may there be, will there not, while there is. 

10. — Is there (as there), as there is, so there may be, on their, 
doing their. 

11. — What if it-should appear-that we were-mistaken-in 
regard to this-entire-business ? 12. — If there was-any chance- 
of error-we should have been-better-pleased-if it had been- 
previously-mentioned. 

13. — In as much as, as soon as, as long as, just as well as, 
just as soon as, as soon as possible. 

14. — Because it is, because it was, of which it is, in which it 
is, of which it may be said, of which it might be said, by 
which it is seen, by which it is known. 15. — In him, in whorn, 
to whom, with whom, by whom, by him, by them, by their 
own, I may be, we may be. 

18.— To write, to read, to retain, to return, we are ready, we 
are rather, we are prepared. 



OF Takigrafy' 



109 



% T^ c_e T^ 6 -D ^Jr^ w^ D co 




^s-r Y T ^ y \r \^ V— ^ 



<6 



—7 



110 The Hand-Book 



Sec. 62. Phrases Irregularly Contracted. --^ 

In phrases irregularly contracted, some of the words are 
either omitted or contracted in an unusual manner. The words 
most frequently omitted are : the, of, of the, to, to the, or, 
for, a, and, alL 

KEY. 

1.— In the first place, in the second place, in the third place, 
in the last place, for the purpose of, for the most part, one of 
the most, one of the best, some of the worst. 

2. — Laws of the land, will of the people, day of the week, 
day of the month, time of the year, nature of the subject, on© 
of the conditions, the advantages of the system. 

3. — In order to be, in relation to, in respect to the, in regard 
to that, in proportion to, with reference to, from day to day, 
from hour to hour. 

4. — From time to time, from place to place, from city to 
city, from street to street, from mouth to mouth, from heart 
to heart, from generation to generation. 

5. — In consequence of, in connection with, in accordance 
with, on account of, on one account, on this account, on no 
account. 

6. — On their account, on their own account, on another ac- 
count, there is no other way. 

7. — One or two, two or three, three or four, more or less, 
right or wrong, sooner or later, good or bad, life or death. 

8. — By and by, by the by, forever and ever, over and over, 
over and above, through and through, now and then, hither 
and thither, high and low, better and better. 

9. — For a moment, in a word, for a time, on the one hand, 
on the other hand, on either hand, for instance, for the sake of . 

10. — Next week, next month, next time, at one time, at no 
time, at any time, in the mean-time. 

11. — At another time, at first, at last, at least, at length, at 
all events, at once, at the same time, it seems to me, it seemed 
to me. 

12. — I have, I have been, I am (I may), he may, we may, 
I am not, I incline to think, I am inclined to think, I incline 
to the opinion, I much prefer. 

13. — Aught not, aught not to be, aught not to think, point 
of view, almost always, most likely, most always, there must 
always be. 

14. — A long time, for a long time, for so long a time, manner 
in which, it will hot be said, which will, which will not, which 
will never. 

15. — Out of the way, out of the world, one of them, which 
of them, some of them, neither of them, any of them. 



OF TAKIGRAFYt 



111 









^ = 'V/ 







-"x 









1^4 



112 The Hand-Book 

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASE-SIGNS. 

Key to Opposite Page. 

Who art, who had, who hast, who hadst, who wast, who wilt, such as 
are, such as can, such as may, as sure, as short, have the, at the. 

Have the time, at the time, in some, in the same, with the same, 
to some, to the same, by some means, by the same means, by such means. 

Be not, was not, it was not, it was supposed, it was said, cast upon, 
cast away, cast down. 

Something has been said, seems to be, out and out, come together, 
go together, near together, close together, together with, party spuit. 

Arts and arms. Eastern continent. North America, United States of 
America, Eastern States, Western States, New York City, Great Britain. 

Mr. Chairman, Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, fellow citizens, ladies and 
gentlemen, My Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Sir. 

Your favor, your honor, yours respectfully, yours truly, yours &c., 
truly yours, I remain, please accept, yours very truly. 

In reply to yours, I wish to say with reference to this matter, I fail to 
see, I do not think, he did not think, what do you say. 

At present, at the present time, than their own, less than their, full as 
well, quite as well, there is hardly, as follows, at the rate of, at this rate. 

Signs of the times, if it is convenient, as far as we are able to judge, 
have they any right, they have no right, in order to, in order that you may. 

Peculiar circumstances, peculiar circumstances of the case, generations 
to come, right or wrong, rights of the people, laws of inheritance, 
last will and testament. 

Just and honorable views of the Creator of the universe, Almighty 
God, Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, Christ Jesus, in heaven, kiagdom 
of heaven. 

Telegraph operator, court reporter, circuit court, court of common 
pleas, supreme court, superior court, court of general sessions, county 
commissioner, notary public. 

Social intercourse, social etiquette, good society, society at large, 
political economy, more mature consideration, church and state. 

Bank account, business address, business tact, business ability, in busi- 
ness life, a fortunate venture, on change, bill of exchange, gold certificate. 

Enclosed we (I) hand you, we are in receipt of your favor, enclosed 
please find, permit me \o congratulate you, please reply immediately, 
I have received your letter, I am in receipt of your letter. 

Marriage certificate, mutual service, mutual respect, marital obligations, 
marriage portion, bride and bridegroom. 



OF Takigrafy.' 



113 



J ^ .-^ ^^ ^rr- 



V 




^-— ^-^ Y ^ 

\/^ V^ '-Xr ^^-^ f ^ i 






114 



Thb Hand-Book 



10. 



' 2 \^ ^ -^ -^y- ' -^ j ^ 

5 _% e ^~^, -, ^^ /^ .^^ ^ C v^ 



V" 



^ ^ 



OF Takigrafy. 115 

« 

Writing Exercise 16. 

The phrases are separated hy commas : 

X great many, a long time, a long way, an easy task, an 
ardent desire, all the, all of, all of the, all times, all places, 
all processes, all ways, all worlds, all sciences, all sorts of. Are 
we, are you, are they, are they sure, are not, are not sure, 
are ail. As well as, as far as, as great as, as long as, as much 
as, as soon as, as soon as possible, as it, as this, as that, as we, 
as you, as they, as it is, as it vs^as, as it were, as it may be, as it 
may be said, as there is, as there be, as if it were, as he, as he 
is, as he was sure. At it, at which, at any time, at all times, 
at all events, at no time, at the same time, at some time, at 
once. And are you, and is this, and is that, and shall we, 
and have we, and do they suppose, about it, about us, about 
time, about which. Above us, above them, above measure. 

Because it is, because of this, because of that, because of 
which, by chance, by some means, by no means, by all means. 
Can tliey, can we, can any one, can you, could we, could they. 

Do we, do you, do you suppose, do you mean, do you 
have, do you desire, do you know. Did you know, do you 
believe, do you think, elo you care, do they, do they dare, 
do thcT expect. Does it seem possible, does this appear. Every 
person, everything else, everyone, every where. 

For fchis, for that, for us, for me, for my part, for every one, 
for all of us, for many persons, for the purpose of, for the 
most part, for this reason. From time to time, from us. 

Give us, give them, give me. Great advantages, great 
privations, great privileges, great measure, great men, great 
trials, great many, good reason, good measure, good will, 
good principles, good inclinations, general principles. 

He is, he was, he has been, he had been, he shall be, he will 
be, he may be, he might be, he can be, he could be, he will 
never, he will need. Had he, had you, had there been. Hast 
thou, hadst thou. How much, how soon, how^ many, how far, 
how are you, how could you, how can we, how bright, how brief. 

I beheve, I can, I have, I had, I have been, I have seen, 
I have donp, I will be, I will not, I am, I am sure, I am very 
sure, I believe, I hope you are, I hope you will, I may as well. 



116 ^The Hand-Book 

I hope. If there is, if it is, if there was, if it was, if it was 
not, if it is not, if it were, if it were not, if there is not, if 
there is to be. Is it, is not, is it not, is this, is that, is there, 
is it not possible. It is, it was. 

In me, in my, in many, in most cases, in us, in any, in no, 
in accordance with, in account with, in connection with, in 
consequence of, in all respects, in as much as, in my opinion, 
in reference to, in regard to, in relation to, in respect to this, 
in the mean time, in the name of, in the first place, in the 
next place, in the last place, in the second plaee, in the third 
place, in any way, in the way, in some way, in the same 
way, in no way, in every way. It is, it was, it will be, it 
would be, it may be, it has been, it had been, it is necessary, 
it is unnecessary. Just so, just as. 

Let us, lend us, let us know, let no one, lead them, love ttem, 
leave them, learn to, many times, many ways, many days. 

May I, may you, may they, may we, may not, may not be. 
More and more, more easily, more securely, more certainly. 
Most easily, most likely, most important. Much more, much 
easier. Must be, must not be, must not have. 

Writing Exercise 17. 

Neither of them, neither of us, neither of which, Ncts: York 
City, New York State. No one, no time, no measure, no such 
thing, not only, not an^^ Of all, of the, of their, of one, of 
him, of his own, of which it is, of which it is said, on this, on 
that, on which, on some, on any, on this account, on that 
account, on his account, on his own account, on no account, 
in any account, on this occasion, on the other hand, on either 
hand, ought not, ought not to think, ought not to have, ought 
to be done, over and over, over and above. Peculiar circum- 
stances, point of view. Quite likely, quite sure, quite certain. 
Rather be, rather have. Reporting Style. Seems to be, assumes 
to be, shall be, shall have, shall not, shall not be, shall not have, 
should be, should not be, should have been, so as to be, so as 
to have, so there is, so there may be, so on, so soon, so easy, so 
far, so that you may, some one, some way, some may suppose, 
something certain, something more, such as, such as are, such 
as can, such as may be, such a man. That was, that which. 



OF Takigrafy. 117 



that is, that is not, that is not necessary, that it was, there is, 
there was, there may be, there must be, there is no objection, 
there were, they were, they will, they may, they would be. 

This is, this is not, this may be, this time, this manner, this 
means, this principle, this privilege, this practice, those times, 
those places, those principles, those practices, those privileges. 

To be sure, to do, to bear, to wish, to some extent, to which 
you are, the other, the other way, the other day. 

Was it, was this, was that, we are, we have been, we may 
be, we shall be, we can be, we cannot be, we could not be, we 
shall not be, we shall not have, we were, we will, we wish, 
were I, were you, were they, were there not, where are you, 
where will they, where shall we, what is, what was, what will 
be, what can be, what could be. When we, when they, when 
there is, when they were, which are, which may be, which 
cannot be, which would have been, which you could, which is 
hot, which was not, which will, which will not, while there is, 
while it is, while you are, who are, who has, who hast, who 
was, who would, who can, who could, who is, who was, who 
were, who were not, who will, who will not, who may, who 
may not, will be, will there be, will you, will they, with us, 
with me, with no, with one, with many, with reference to, 
with respect to, with regard to, with which it is, with which 
we are, would you, would he, would they, would there be, 
would become, would believe. You are, you would, you should, 
you shall, you must, you can, you could, you will be, you will 
have, you will not, you may, you might. 

Omit of the : The day of the week, — close of the day, 

— time of the year, — meaning of the word, — liberties of the 
people, — nations of the earth, — advantages of the system, 

— condition of the body, — faculties of the mind. 

Omit of : Kingdom of heaven, word of God, loss of time. 

Omit to : I wish to be, I want to go, I ought to be, from month 
to month, from day to day, it seems to me, it appears to me. 

Omit a : For a moment, in a minute, for a long time, after 
a time, once a month. 

Omit and : By and by, over and over, better and better > 
father and mother, brother and sister. 

Omit from : From hour to hour, from week to week. 



118 The Hand-Book 

WRiTiNa Exercise 18. 

Motion of the Heanenly Bodies ; Thomas Dick. 
Having taken a cursory view of the magnitude of the num- 
berless bodies scattered through the regions of space, let us 
now consider the motions which are incessantly going forward 
in every part of the universe : for all the myriads of globes 
and systems to which we have alluded are in rapid and per- 
petual motion ; and we have no reason to believe that there is 
a single quiescent body throughout the immensity of creation. 
We have here planets revolving around suns, planets revolving 
around planets, suns performing their revolutions around suns, 
suns revolving aroimd the centers of sidereal systems, and in 
all probability every system of creation revolving around the 
center and Grand Mover of the whole. The rate of these mo- 
tions, in every known instance, is not less than several thou- 
sands of miles every hour, and in many instances thousands 
of miles in a minute. The fixed stars — though to a common 
observer they appear exactly in the same position with regard 
to each other — are found in some instances to be carried for- 
ward with motions far more rapid than even the bodies of the 
planetary system, though their magnitude is immensely super- 
ior. The star 61 Cygni, whose apparent motion is fiY^ seconds 
annually, is so distant that this motion is equivalent to one 
hundred and seventy-seven thousand miles an hour. Cassi- 
opeia moves at the rate of two thousand one hundred and 
sixty miles ever^^ minute. These are motions altogether in- 
comprehensible, especially when we take into consideration 
the enormous magnitude of the stars, some of which may be 
a thousand times larger than all the planets and comets be- 
longing to our system. They display the amazing and uncon- 
trollable energies of omnipotence, and afford a distinct souree 
of admiration and astonishment in addition to all the other 
wonders of the universe. If, then, we would endeavor to obtain 
a comprehensive idea of the motions going forward through- 
out the spaces of immensity, we must not only conceive of 
planets revolving around luminous centers, but of suns revolv- 
ing around suns, — of suns and systems revolving around the 
centers of the nebulae to which they respectively belong, — of 
all the systems and nebulae of the universe revolving in immense 
circumferences around the throne of the Eternal, the great 
center of all worlds and beings, — of each sun, and planet, and 
system, notwithstanding, pursuing a course of its own in diff- 
erent directions, and in numerous instances acted upon by 
different forces, — in short, of the ten thousand times ten thou- 
sand luminous and opaque globes of every rank and ordei 
within the circuit of creation, all performing their rapid but 
harmonious motions throughout every region of space, and 
without intermission, in obedience to the laws of their Creator 



Chapter XI. —Analogy and Eugraphy. 



Allusion has previously been made to certain general principles, or laws,* 
that have an influence upon word-forms, and which, running through the 
entire field, bind them together into one system. These principles may 
be considered, so far as is necessary for practical purposes, under two 
general divisions, the Laws of Analogy, and the Laws of Eugraphy. 

Analogy consists in a similarity in certain respects between things which 
are in other respects different. When applied to the outlines of words in 
Takigrafy, analogy consists in writing such portions of two or more words 
as are alike in sound in the same manner, and such portions as are similar 
in a similar manner. 

In the words ingress, egress, digress, congress, regress, tTBmsgress 
dig^'essing, for example, the root gress, which is put in italics, appears with- 
out change. The law of analogy is observed here in the common spelling : 
but if the first word was spelled ingress, the second egres, the third digreas, 
the fourth congrace, and so on, this law would be broken. 

In Takigrafy, this principle applies to all classes and parts of words. As 
the same sound is written by the same sign, so the same combination of 
sounds is written by the same combination of signs. 

Sec. 63. The Laws of Analogy. 
1. — Derivative worda are written in analogy with their 
primitives. 

Eem.— This rule applies especially to the derivative word-signs, and to 
that large class of words formed by means of the addition of prefixes and 
affixes. These derived forms are, for the most part, regularly formed. A 
given stem remains unchanged throughout the entire list of derivative 
forms, and even the prefix and affix signs have some analogy to the signs 
from which they are derived. The word form, for instance, remains un- 
changed throughout a list of over a hundred derived words. 

2. — Compound words are written in analogy both with the 
simple words from which they are formed, and with other 
compounds formed by uniting any of their parts. 

3. — In all classes of words the same combination of letters 
are written, so far as possible, in the same manner. 
*See Chap. Ill, page 43, and Chap. IV, pages 53-55. 

119 



120 The Hand-Book 

Rem. 1.— The third rule embraces a much wider field, and one that cannot 
be dismissed so summarily. This rule applies to all combinations of con- 
sonant sounds that are, or may be, written by means of distinctive signs. 

a. Compounds of the L and R series come imder this law ; and it is im- 
perative in the use of all true initial compounds like pi in play^ pr in pray^ 
fr in free, &c. In final compounds the law does not demand the use of 
the compound sign, so its use here is merely for convenience. 

b. The law of analogy demands also that all consonants that unite with a 
following d or t, as in the words apt^ act, art, and &c., represent such union 
by ghortening the former of the two consonants ; but does not apply to 
cases in which a vowel precedes the d or t, as infeet, mate, &c. 

c. The lengthened curves present another instance of the operation of this 
law ; but it applies primarily only to cases in which a curved letter is fol- 
lowed by the sounds of tr and dr without an intermediate vowel, as in the 
words after, enter, under. 

Rem. 2.— There is a conflict in the application of this law to the half- 
lengths and the double-lengths ; for iu cases where ter and der are added to 
a curve the shortened form might be used, though not with the same degree 
of appropriateness as the lengthened sign. After might be written aft-er and 
enter, ent-er ; but the true syllabication is af-ter and en-ter, which determines 
the mode of contraction. Other cases, however, occur in which the appli- 
cation of the true principles are not so obvious, as wil be seen in the use of 
the different forms for st and str, &c. 

4. — The operation of the laws of analogy may be traced 
throughout the entire system of word and phrase-signs. 
Whether a given principle extends through a larger or smaller 
class of words, it has a power to produce uniformity as far af 
its influence extends. But the action of one law is partially 
suspended by the action of another law in many cases. 

The termination ward, for instance, and the words word and heard, which 
express the rd by making the end of the stems Wa and Ha heavy, have 
usurped so much territory from the action of the law which demands the 
expression of rd by means of a halved Ar. The general rule could be 
followed in these cases, but, for the sake of briefer and more convenient 
word-forms, a new principle is introduced which, within a limited sphere, 
over-rides the first or more general law. 

Other examples of the operation of law within a limited sphere will be 
noticed by the student. Tne principles have been already detailed in con- 
nection with the rules for writing in previous chapters. 

Sec. 64. Syllabication. 
1.— The Laws of Analogy apply to syllables. Whether 
written with one or more strokes, the same syllable should, so 
far as convenient, be always written in the same way. 



OF TAKIGRAFTi 121 

Rem. — The amalgamation of two syllables into one stroke is allowable as 
a means of contraction ; and convenience requires the use of two forma for 
some frequently recurring prefix syllables, as for instance, co/, car, pil, per, 
&c., but these deviations should not divert the student from the general 
principles. The union of two syllables into one stroke should always be 
regarded as irregular, even though provided for in the rules for contraction. 

2. — Setting aside exceptions which occur, every syllable 
should have a single stroke sign to represent it, as in : co-rro- 
sive, su-bli-mate, pa-ra-gon, Go-li-ath. 

The principal exceptions are : a. Where two strokes are 
necessary, as in the first syllables of 5ar-bar-ic, /wr-be-low, 
a5-sent, dar-kens. b. Where a word is shortened by the 
contraction or omission of one or more syllables, as in the 
middle syllable of suc-ces-sive, SLC-cessi-hle re-susci-tate ; the 
first syllable in a-nal-o-gy, _pro-fe-ssional, pre-fig-ure ; and the 
last syllable in men-^ion, ver-nac-iiZar ; and in words gener- 
ally written with prefix and affix signs which represent more 
than one syllable. 

Kem. 1.— It will be observed that in dividing the words into syllables the 
ordinary rules of syllabication are not always followed. 

Rem. 2.— Though the common laws of syllabication are not strictly fol- 
lowed, yet it is better, when equally convenient, to divide a word by using 
those forms of contraction which preserve the syllables In the most natural 
form. It is better to write ar-dent, than ard-ent ; ev-{i)-d€ni than evid-ent : 
though ind-{i)-vid is written for individual, and many other words are 
specially contracted contrary to this principle. An applicarion of this rule 
wiU however, indicate the proper outline of the word in many cases. 
It will explain, for instance, why we use the relm earl, furl, dc, but not 
in early, fairly, <$x. Final syllables except when compounded with the pre- 
vious syllable in an afi^x sign should be written with a separate stroke, as 
/yin regularly, rarely, dc. 

Sec. 65. Eugraphy. 

1. — ^The term Eugraphy, from the Greek, ew, good or well, and 
graphe, writing, is used to designate that quality in the writ- 
ing of Tachygraphy which gives to it grace and flexibility. It 
should not be confounded with the term caligraphy, which 
means beautiful writing, for eugraphy means, not beautiful 
writing, but the beauty or gracefulness of the writing. 

2. — The principles of eugraphy apply to the letters, the 
TTORD-FORMS, and the phrase-signs. 

As applied to the letters, grace of form is secured by accuracy 
in direction, proportion, curvature, and shading. 



122 The Hand-Book 

a. Inclined, full-sized letters should be so proportioned in 
length as to fill the same space perpendicularly as the upright 
letters. 

6. The same principle will apply to the half-length, double, 
and treble-length characters. They each will fill one-half a 
space, or two or three spaces, as the case may be. 

Rem.— An earnest effort on the part of the writer to accustom himself to 
accuracy in this respect will be rewarded by an increased beauty in the 
writing. He should practice on each letter, contrasting its half-length, full 
and double-length forms with one another until he gains skill in making 
suitable distinctions. 

3. — The proper size of the letters for note-taking is one- 
eighth of an inch for Be and Pe as the standard for the space 
occupied. The Ga, Ka, The, El, &c. will be a little longer, and 
Ba, Wa and Ha, a little longer still than Go., Ka. 

Examples. 

IIW)) ( ( ^^ ^V 

r y / 



Rem.— In making the standard of size, one-eighth of an inch, it is not de- 
signed to urge this size upon ail. Many persons will prefer to write larger 
characters for the sake of greater distinctness. Characters may be made 
of any size without interfering with the principles of eugraphy, provided 
the proper proportions are maintained. Yet, greater rapidity of writing 
can be secured in the use of small letters than larger ones. 

4. — As applied to words and phrases, the principles of eu- 
graphy determine the comparative convenience of different 
outlines. Good outlines are those best adapted to speed and 
legibility : hence, the laws of eugraphy have reference, first, 

to THE REQUIREMENTS OF SPEED, and seCOnd, to THE REQUIRE- 
MENTS OF LEGIBILITY. These requirements coincide in some 
particulars, but not in all. 

Sec. 66. The Requirements of Speed. 
1. — The requirements of speed are based on the laws of mo- 
tion, and relate to the brevity, facileness, and lineality pf 
the outlines. 

Rem.— Some outlines may be written much more easily than' others which 
contain the same number of strokes. Hence it is the province of the laws 
of eugraphy to point out the conditions under which the most facile outlines 
may be produced. 



OF Takigeaf^. 123 

2.— The breTity of the outline will be determined generally 
by the principles of contraction. Yet some discretion may be 
used as to whether to employ a longer or shorter form for a 
word or phrase. "Where brevity can be secured without sac- 
rificing too much to obtain it., it is desirable ; but the student 
should be cautioned against an undue regard for brief forms 
which are gained by a loss of fiexibiKty or legibility. 

Eem.— All contractions demanded by the laws of analogy shotild be 
employed : those not demanded, but only permitted, should be submitted 
to the limitation of the other principles which enter iuto the formation of 
good word-forms. 

3. — The facileness of an outline depends upon. a. The 

XATTTRE OF THE A2s'G3LES ^ilADE Cs JOLNTiya ITS LETTEES. b. THE 
H03I0GENE0USXESS OF THE CURVES THAT UXLTE. C. ThE READ- 
IXE5S WITH WHICH THE WOED-FOEMS ilAY BE JOESED LNTO 

PHEASES. 

Sec. 67. The Xatuee of the AyGi^ES. 

1. — When the hand is in rapid motion, any change of direc- 
tion hinders the speed of the writer. If the first stroke ghdes 
into the second without an angle, the highest rate of sj^eed 
can be secured. 

2. — When an angle must be formed, the more acute it is the 
more easily it can be made. 

Eem.— For illustration of the angles, right, acute and obtuse, and facing 
and opposing curres, see pp. 16 and IT. 

3. -Obtuse angles are relieved : a. By use of half-length signs. 
b. By skillful use of the variable signs, c. By the insertion 
of vocal signs where it is coiivenient, as in bog, bag, dog, dock. 

Sec. 6S. The Homogexeoesxess of the Ceeves. 
1. — Curves are homogeneous when they face the same way, 
or form any portion of a circle that may be made by tracing 
the circle in the same direction. Opposing curves are made 
by tracing the circle in oppo=iie directions 

Eem.— The curves Ma, Es, Ith, Ef and^, are homogeneous ; so are the 
curves Tha, La, Ish and En ; but the curves in the first example are, each 
and all, opposed to the curves in the second example 



124 The Hand-Book 

2.— When an angle occurs between them, facing curves are 
made much more easily than opposing curves ; for the pen traces 
a second curve in the same direction without an entire loss of 
motion ; and when an opposing curve is made, the direction 
of the stroke must be reversed. 

3.— When opposing curves lie in the same direction, they 
unite without an angle, and are made with perfect freedom. 

Rem. 1.— As a general rule, when a variable curve follows a curve of the 
same length, it may be turned so as either to unite without an angle or to 
face the same way as the curve to which it is joined. The union without 
an angle takes the precedence where it is equally convenient. 

Rem. 2.— When curves of different lengths unite, those facing are always 
to be preferred, as an angle must in these cases always be formed. 

4. — These principles apply equally to vocal curves, and to 
the union of vocal and consonantal curves. 

Rem.— We have Ma after E, and Em after A. El follows E^ and La fol- 
lows a-short ; and we have the forms La-and, land^ and El-i-ent, linty 
and many others that will be noticed, where the direction of the letters 
The, Ith, Em and El are varied on account of a preceding or following curve. 

5. — These principles apply also to the union of curves with 
straight lines or dashes. If a curved letter lies in the same 
general direction as the straight line, though an angle is needed, 
there is a continuous movement in the same direction favor- 
able to speed ; and if, added to this, they unite without an 
angle, the gain is still greater. 

Rem. 1.— Some exceptions to the principles given in this and preceding 
sections are unavoidable, for in many cases a curve occurs between two 
letters, with one or both of which it will unite with a greater or less degree 
of difficulty. If any of the letters are variable, as in most cases one or more 
of them will be, the difficulty can easily be reduced to a single bad angle ; 
but even in case of variable letters, a change that aids the joining with a 
preceding letter may increase the difficulty of joining with the following 
letter, and mce versa. Cases of this kind will afford scope for the ingenuity 
of the writer. 

Rem. 2.— So in other ways one principle may influence or over-ride the 
operation of another principle. Such details cannot be given here ; but the 
teacher of the art is advised to add to the illustrations given, so as to 
adapt them to different classes of his pupils. Such instruction will bear • 
good fruit in the increased beauty and facUenss of the outlines. 

Sec. 69. Lineality and Phrasing. 
Word-forms should have, so far as possible, a forward instead 
of a backward tendency. If the outline runs downward or 



OF Takigrafy. ' 125 



backward, away from the line of writing, it frequently hinders 
phrasing, and time is lost in bringing the pen back to the 
proper place for commencing the next word-form. 

Rem. 1.— The variable letters and the contractions may be so used as to 
favor linear word-forms. Such words, for instance, as public, publication, 
aggregate, aggregation, and others, may be reheved from running too far 
below the line by using La and Ra instead of the compounds Bla and Gra. 

Rem. 1.— So much regard has been paid to this principle in the arrangement 
of the alfabet that it will be easy to secure good outlines by a little atten- 
tion and care on the part of the ^Titer. In any extreme case of difficulty, 
the word-form may be divided, as in the compound word book-keeper. 

Sec. 70. The Requiresients of Legibility. 
The requirements of legibility presuppose, as a basis, a fair 
degree of accuracy of penmanship, and regard to the proper 
distinctions in the length and shading of the letters. 

Rem.— The student shoud be drilled on aU the elements introduced into 
this style, contrasting half-length and full-length characters, full-length and 
double and treble-lengths, &c., tm he can make the new distinctions as 
readily as those introduced into the first style. 

1.— The first special requirement of legibility as applied to 
word-forms is consistency of outline. When the reader has 
become accustomed to see a given word written in a given 
way, he reads it from memory, without looking through the 
characters to see what they spell. If the form be changed at 
random, he will read with slowness and uncertainty. 

2. — Another requsite of legibility is an observance of the 
LAWS of analogy. This will greatly aid the memory of forms, 
and the reader, becoming accustomed to see a given combina- 
tion of sounds expressed in a given way, will read with cer- 
tainty and ease. 

Rem.— It wiU be observed that full, long vowels and diphthongs separate 
consonants, and that they generally accompany full and open outlines, 
whUe smaU and short vowels more frequently accompany contracted forms. 
This is especially true in regard to the use of the circle and the compounds 
of the L and R series, and to some extent of the haK- length signs. 

3. — A third thing essential to a legible style of writing is 
A proper DISTINCTION OF WORDS Containing the same conso- 
nants. If the words in question are of such meaning that 
they cannot be confounded, there is no danger ; but if they 
are of like or opposite significations, there is need of a dis- 
tinct difference in the word-forms. 



126 The Hand-Book 

4. — A PROPER USE OF VOCALIZATION may be named as a 
fourth requisite of a legible style. A proper regard for brevity 
will lead the writer to omit all vowels that are not necessary ; 
but it is unwise economy to add to the labor of reading to 
save a far less labor in writing. 

a. Vowels are necessary in some words containing only 
one consonant, as boy, bow, bough, ape, ope, pie, pew, <Scg, 

b. Besides these there are a larger number of words of two 
consonants, comprising nearly all uncommon words that may 
be written in full, as in the common style. The following 
will serve as specimens of the words alluded to : bag, sag, cap, 
gap, map, rap, tap, mob, sob, jog, job, dame, cape, cake, wake, 
tall, gall, &g, 

c. In addition to these, many words of three or four con- 
sonants, with or without a contraction of consonant outline, 
may be vocalized, as in blab, slab, clod, plod, trod, shad, clog, 
flog, grog, brine, swine, twine, stripe, strap, blame, flame, 
bloom, flume, broom, brim, trim, &c. 

Rem.— To these words in which the vocal sign is used for the sake of 
greater ease in reading should be added those mentioned under the rules 
for the requirements of speed. Sec. 67 c. 

d. The sign for I is frequently contracted by omitting one of 
the strokes, and words ending in ny may be written in analogy 
with any, by adding the tick. The last remark applies to 
such words as bony, stony, cony, funny, honey, briny, &c. 

e. When two vocal sounds occur together, as in the words 
aerial, pean, pious, science, &c. , one or both of the vowels 
should be ^vritten. The former, which is in most cases the 
accented vowel, is to be preferred when equally convenient. 

/. Vocalization will be frequently necessary in the follow- 
ing cases : — 

1. — In writing proper names of persons and places. 

2. — In quotations from the Latin, Greek, German, French, 
and other foreign languages. 

3. — In technical terms used in the arts and sciences. 

4. — In all unusual words, or words used in an unusual con- 
nection, or in a peculiar sense. 

Rem. 1.— Words generally considered technical or uncommon may be 
sufficiently familiar to some persons to be treated like ordinary words ; 



OF Takigrafy.* 127 



and some quotations from foreign lan^ages are so familiar that they may 
be contracted like ordinary phrases, as, for instance, tice i^ersa, viva voce. 
The purpose of the writing, and the knowledge of the subject, will de; er- 
mine the amonut of vocalization necessary to perspicuity. It is only neces- 
sary that the manuscript be easily read by the persons, and for the pur- 
poses, for which it was written, 

Rem. 2.— The careless writing of bare skeletons of consonant letters, with- 
out any reference to their legibihty, so common among ama^teurs in Phono g-- 
raphy, should be discouraged by the teacher. 

5. — A fifth requirement of legibility is A proper regard to 

THE RELATIONS Of WORDS IN THE SENTENCE. 

Words that are used in familiar phrases, or in constructions 
that are familiar, become more easily legible from the connec- 
tion in which they stand. But words that are isolated, or used 
in unusual connections, or in peculiar senses, demand more 
care in the writing to render them easily legible. 

Rem. 1.— The power of position in a sentence to add to the legibility of 
word-forms is illustrated in nearly aU the phrases given in Tables and 
Reading Lessons. Pi'operly made phrase-signs will aid the reader by making 
the connection of the words more noticeable. The word same, for instance, 
becomes definite in the phrase the sa?ne, since the word sorae is never pre- 
ceded by the article the. The joiuirig of words, however, not associated 
LQ sense, would lesson rather than iucrease the ease of reading by iutimatiug 
a connection between the words that did not exist. 

Rem. 2.— Where words are isolated in construction, as in the following 
sentences, they need to be distinguishable in form. But the fruit of the 
spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, 
temperance. Can youth, or health, or strength, or honor, or pleasure satisfy the 
sonxlf I have seen the effects of love and hatred, joy and grief, hope and despair. 

Even in these cases, the reader is aided somewhat by the context, for he 
would not look for any evil affection or passion among the fruits of the 
spirit ; and in the last example, the contrast suggests the contrasted word. 
So in nearly all cases the context will aid the reader to a greater or less 
extent ; but he should not rely too much upon it, but take care that all iso- 
lated words be written clearly and definitely. 

Rem. 3.— Uncommon words, and those of doubtful signification, with 
words from foreign languages, mentioned in the preceding section, cannot, 
from the nature of the case, be referred with safety to the context for 
explanation, but must be legible independent of their connection. 

4.— Proper names that are mentioned among words needing vocalization 
may also be considered as isolated words, as they are not generally inferable 
from the sense of the passage in which they stand. 

5.— Outlines chosen for autographs should be easily legible, 



128 



The Hand-Book 



A . ^ 11. 

r~/ . ^ j^ y- ^ r^^"^ ^^ ^^^ "\ 

^ C D ^^ TV. {^^^ 






1 — ■) l—o 



3 ^^ 



^ 






">-^ "^ 



^, v- 






c 



u^ ^l/^ "X ^ ^W c^ ^ hTZ^ 



OF Takigrafy. * 129 



Writing Exercise 19. 

Note.— The list of words given in this and the following Exercise, may be 
indefinitely increased. 

Words in which each syllable is written by a single stroke. 

App-li-ca-ble tre-men-dous-ly pros-per-ous des-pi-ca-ble ob- 
sti-nate occ-u-py ra-mi-fy re-me-dy di-gress-ive vul-can-ize 
co-rro-bo-rate de-lu-sive coU-apse pro-pri-e-ty dis-cri-min- 
ate de-press-ing dis-grace-ful ar-o-ma na-vi-ga-tor. 

Contract or omit the italicised syllables: ln-ves-h*-gate en-a- 
mor sen-si-tive a-nal-a-gous msm-ip-ulate reg-u-Iarity dex- 
terity pre-rog-a-tive in-con-sol-a-ble ah-ne-gation re-susci- 
tate ne-cessi-tj in-def-z-nite un-con-sti-tu-tionaL 

The vocal sign may be used in these vv^ords : 

Bee bay obey bah ! boo ! boy bough pea pay pa pooh ! 
poe paw pie pew ape ope. Gay guy ague. Key coo Co. 
caw cue coy cow. Eke ache oak auk. Day dough daw 
die dew owed awed adieu idea. Tea tow toe tie toy eat 
oat iota eight. 

Eve vie view vow. Fee fie few shay shy Asia ease 
ooze owes awes. Thaw thigh thew ma moo maw mow 
(o) mow (ou) aim ohm knee nay no know gnaw nigh e'en 
awn lee lay loo la ! law lie lieu eel ale awl isle ail owl 
ear ore ire woo woe. 

Babe baby bake bib bob booby peep pipe pip pap pop 
poppy big bag bog back pig pick pack pike peak beam 
boom bean bane boon pawn pean piano puny poach. Gab 
gap cab cob cape cap gig kick gag cog cake keen cane 
gain couch. Deep dupe tap top dig tick dock tack tag. 
Fib fob fop fugue file fuel fowl feel fool foal vile vowel 
veal vine fine fawn. Sheep shape shake shale. Deal dale 
doll teal tale tile toil towel tear tier tore tower door dyer 
dower. Shear shore shower. 

Meek maim main mayor mire meal mail mall mile 
nail Nile lean lane loon line lion. Blab clad clod crib 
crab creep crape croup crop drab drip droop drop trip 
trap troop tripe trick track freak shriek streak strike sleep 
sloop slip slab slap slag slack slake sleek. Bream broom 
brawn bruin brine bloom blain cream groom. 



130 The Hand-Book 

Writing Exercise 20. 

Abner Albert Aurelius Aaron Anderson Antony Arnold 
Arthur Auerbach Augustine. Biddle Baldwin Biers tadt 
Byron Brainard Bryan. Cathcart Cheever Clark Cleopatra 
Caleb Cyprian Conway Confucius. Daguerre Dayton Darius 
Dahlgren Delancey Dickerson DeWitt Dryden Dumas 
D^vight. Eleazar Eliliu Elijah Enoch Ephriam. Fabius 
Fahrenheit Faraday Fernando Fowler, (xallileo Galvani 
Garrison Gavazzi Guyot Gabriel Garret Geoffrey Gideon 
Griffith. 

Habakkuk Haldeman Hancock Hahnemann Hardee Have- 
meyer Harvey Hawthorne Hezekiah Hiram Heintzelman 
Horace Hayne Heliodorus Horatio Hosea Hilary Hoadley 
Holmes Homer Howells Howard Hopkins. 

Ingraham Ivison Ichabod Ingelow Isaac Isaiah Iscariot 
Israel Ishmael. Jackson Jacob Jairus Jabez Jedekiah 
Jeremiah Jeroboam Josiali Judah Joab Joel. Knowlton 
Karl Kavanagh Kilpatrick Kossuth. 

Lafayette Lamartine Lapliam Larrabee Lazarus Lewis 
Lawrence Lambert Leander Levi Lewellyn Longfellow 
Lucius Latham Lathrop Liebig Lincoln Livermore Luther 
Linnaeus Lippincott Lowenstein Loyola Lyell Lyon Luke 
Lyman Lubin Lucian Lycurgus. 

Mahomet Marryat Macaulay Marmaduke Malachi Maury 
Machiavelli Maccabees Martineau Matthias Mayor Meyer- 
beer Moses. Nathan Neal Naaman Naomi Neander Newton 
Nehemiah Nero Norman. Obadiah Oliver Orlando Owen 
O'Leary O'Reilly O'Rourke O'Dowd. Packard Patrick Paley 
Parker Parnell Patti Peabody Pharaoh Philander Philip 
Pierpont Pizarro Pitman Plato Porter Proctor Ptolemy. 

Ralph Rudolph Roland Ransom Raphael Randolph Randall 
Raymond Reviere Rollin Rousseau Rupert Rufus. 

Saul Silas Simon Simeon Sullivan Spinosa Shakspeare 
Schuyler Talleyrand Taylor Tallmage Thaddeus Theodore 
Thackeray Tilford Tobiah Tybalt Tyndall Tiberius Thiers 
Uriah Yolney Victor. 

Waldo Warren Walter Warner Willard Wagner Wyatt 
Yv^ayland Whitefield Wilkinson Whittier Winslow Wayne 



OF Takigrafy.* 131 



Williams Wycltffe. Yancy Youatt Zachariah Zedekiah. 

Abigail Adaline Adelaide Agatha Agnes Almira Amabel 
Angelica Angelina Arabella Aurelia. Barbara Beatrice 
Belinda Blanche. Catharina Charlotte Celia Chloe Clara 
Claudia Clementina Clarice Cora. Delia Diana Dora Edith 
Elizabeth Elvina Eudora Eugenia Euphemia Evangeline 
Evelina. Fanny Fidelia Flora Frances Fredrica. 

Georgiana Grace Gratia Griselda Henrietta Hortensia 
Helena Hannah Honora. Ida Inez Irene Joyce Justina 
Jaqueline Leonora Letitia Lilian Lois Louisa Lydia Laura 
Lavina. Mabel Magdalena Marcia Maria Matilda Mildred 
Mary Maud Miriam Miranda. Nina Nora Octavia Olive 
Ophelia Olympia Patience Paula Phebe Phillipa Polly. 
Rhoda Rosa Rosalind Sabina Salome Selina Serena Sophia 
Theodora Tryphosa Victoria Yida Viola Vivian Una. 

Alabama Alaska Iowa Adelphi Adrian Agawam Ains- 
worth Albany Albion Alexandria Algeria Algiers Alton 
Algona Alleghany Allendale Alliance Almira Amesbury 
Andalusia Angola Annapolis Ann Arbor Anoka Ansonia 
Antietam Antrim Applegate Appleton Ara^bia Arapahoe 
Ararat Arcadia Areola Argyle Ashborough Ashford Ashta- 
bula Aspinwall Ashton Astoria Auburn Augusta Aurora 
Austria Avondale. 

Babylon Bagdad Bangor Batavia Bavaria Belleview 
Bayfield Beloit Belvidere Blackburn Bracketville Brainard 
Buffalo Cairo Calais Canaan Canada Cape May Cayuga 
China Cincinnati Cleveland Chnton Coffeeville Cresco 
Cuyahoga, Darien Delhi Des Moines Dixie. 

Writing Exercise 21. 

Quotations from the Latin, Greek, and French languages. 

Latin. -Ab origine. Ab uno disce omnes. A Deo et rege. Ad 
captandum vulgus. A fortiori, ^re perrenius. Alia tentanda 
via est. Alieni appetens, sui profusus. A mensa et thoro. 
Bis dat qui cito dat. Certiorari. Dum spiro, spero. Ex nihilo 
nihil fit. Faber suae fortunae. Vi et armis. Una voce. Toto 
coelo. Suum cuique. Sine odio. Sic volo, sic jubeo. 

French. — A la belle etoile. Ami de cour. Amour fait beau 
coup, mais argent fait tout. Hon! soit qui mal y pense. 



132 The Hand-Book 

Greek. — To prep#n. Hoi polloi. Tokalon. Ariston metron. 
Technical Terms. — Adularia amphilogy anthoid autotypy 
biparietal Calceolaria exuviae heliotype. 



A Universal Alfabet. — We cannot but render homage to 
the efforts made by the powerful minds of those who have 
striven to reduce to a satisfactory unity the lamentable diver- 
sity of signs (alphabets) which have thrown such obstacles in 
the v/ay of truth, and either by fortuitous or designed resem- 
blance, have so long retarded the progress of the comparative 
study of languages, and their etymological affinity, so impor- 
tant to their philosophical development, and, consequently, the 
knowledge of their real origin, as well as of the characters 
employed in Writing, — fundamental principles which, in re- 
ferring each language to its true source, would enable us to 
study each group of languages at the same time, and thus to 
obtain (if it were possible to devote sufficient time to each) a 
universal knowledge of languages. 

To illustrate this proposition by an example, the study of the 
languages named Arabic, Hebrew, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Syriac 
and Chaldean might, to a certain extent, be reduced to the 
study of only one, and a knowledge of the alphabets of each 
of the others, — alphabets founded, for the most part, upon 
circumstances which have wholly past away, but which, never- 
theless, have given, and still continue to give, to each of the 
above-named languages an appearance of individuality which 
they do not in reality possess, but which will subsist until this 
appeara-nce shall vanish, and all these languages be written 
with the same alphabet, whereby it would at once be apparent 
that they are really dialects of one and the same mother-lan- 
guage, — the Arabic. An able professor, who should occupy 
his scholars in this wide field of inquiry, explaining the rules 
of the mother-tongue, and the exceptions and peculiar char- 
acter of its dialects, might teach six languages, or rather an 
entire family of languages at the same time. 

An analagous idea, but of less easy execution, has been sug- 
gested, namely, the composition of a universal alphabet, or 
one embracing at least all the languages of Europe. 

Sylvestre's Paleography. 



Chapter XII. — Miscellaneous Contractions. 

Sec. 71. Consonant Letters Omitted. 

1. — Pe is frequently omitted when it follows Ka ; and Ka 
when it follows Te and Ing, as in description distinction. 

2. — Te is omitted after the circle in some cases, as in mostly. 

3. — En, El, At, Ya, and Ha, are omitted in some words, 
though Ha is more frequently contracted to a tick. 

4. — Other letters may be omitted where brevity or conven- 
ience requires it, though such omission should be restricted to 
cases where the regular form is especially inconvenient. 
Examples. 

^ ^ -r\ ^ J ^ O ^ 



V \ i 




1. Description subscription destruction instruction sanction distinction. 

2. Post-boy plastic domestic rustic vastly listless mostly restlessness- 

3. Continue attenuate unionist identical companion behave. 

4. Behavior behoof hopeful happy unhappy reprehend compr'nd appr 'nsion» 

Additional Words in which Letters are Omitted. 

Omit P: Prescription proscription rescription. 

Omit K : Production productive induction inductive 
seduction seductive reduction function conjunction. 

Omit T : Sophistic elastic mystic majestic paraphrastic 
bombastic postpone postage fastness justly lastly jesticulate 
investigate testament testimony testimonial. 

Omit iY, L, R, H or Y \ Tenement attainment atonement. 
Million billion millionaire. Tolerable toleration venerable. 
Behave behoove behoof reprehend convenient conveniently 
convenience, and their derivatives. 

133 



134 



The Hand-Book 



Additional Word-Signs. 
We give below a few additional word-signs. They do not 
comprise all that may be employed. Each special department 
of Eeporting will have its own special class of word-and 
phrase-signs, in addition to those giv'en in the Hand-Book. 




^ -t:- v_^^ ^^ ^^\ ^ ^y\ ^ /- -\^ 

1_ "^ .-— 



a ^ ^ ^ > 



^ 



-^ ^ 



KEY. 

1.— U. S. New Eng. Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Canada, Ontario, 
Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Prince Edward I. 

2.--Ala. Alaska Arizona Ark. Cal. Colo. Conn. Dakota Del. 

3.— Fla. Ga. Idaho 111. Ind. Indian Ter. Iowa Kansas Ky. La. 

4.— Me. Md. Mass. Mich. Minn. Miss. Mo. Montana Neb. Nevada. 

5.— N. H. N. J. New Mex. N. Y. N. C. Ohio Oregon Pa. R. I. S. C. 

6.— Tenn. Texas Utah Yt. Va. Wash. W. Ya. Wis. Wyoming. 

7.— Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday. 

8.— Occupation occupant occupy correspond correspondence gold 
doubt acquaint tenement testament Pentateuch stupendous. 
Duplicate Word-Signs. 
We give new signs for the words were^ where, what, would. 
The signs for were and where may be used to the exclusion of 
the old signs ; but the signs for ivhat and would should be 
regarded as only additional signs, those previously introduced 
being employed when more convenient. You, and you will, 
have also duplicate forms. 



OF Takigrafy. 



135 



Additional Word-Signs. 



» •i' ^^ '*' > 



J 
J 

f 



C 
C 
O 
D 

1 
1 



Before 

behind 

believe 

beneath 

accept 

ascribe 

advertisement 

distinguish 

differ 

Almighty 

astonish 

toward 

were 

where 

would 

what 

whatsoever 

whence 

whensoever 

whosesoever 






^ convenient 

^ enough 

o/ influence 

\ acknowledge 

/ large 
"^ therefore 
amount 
never 
neglect 
anything 
nothing 

' virtue 

life 

year 

(zy beyond 

C change 

c judge 

z church 

\ catholic 

r question 



• 7 
ray 



\ 



a 

r 



^ 



perfect-ion 

proclaim 

privilege 

economy 

iniquity 

call 

catastrophe 

accordingly 

dominion 

Takigrafy 

Fonografy 

sublime 

image-ine 

member 

elsewhere 

behold 

resemble 

railroad 

railway 

her 



136 The Hand-Book 

Sec. 72. Derivative Word-Signs. 
These signs follow principles already explained ; and will be 
understood from the table on the opposite page. In many 
cases the termination ed is omitted, and ly may be disjoined. 

KEY. 
The words commencing each line in the engraved page are capitalized. 

Accept-ed acceptance acceptation acceptable unacceptable 
accompanied accompanying accompaniment unaccompanied. 
Accomodate-ed accomodating unaccomodating accordingly 
account-ed accounting accountable accountant acknowl- 
edge-ed acknowledging unacknowledged. Advantage-ed ad- 
vantageous disadvantage disadvantageously ambiguously 
applicability apprehend-ed ascribe-ed assurance assures 
astonishingly. Beforehand behindhand believing belie v- 
ingly benevolently benignantly briefer unbusinesslike capa- 
bility incapable. Interchange characterize characteristic 
companionable committee noncommital confederate-ed con- 
federation. Congratulation nonconductor inconsequent con- 
spicuously noncontemporaneous contradictory uncontra- 
dict-ed conversational. Uncorrect-ed culpability deficient-cy 
deliverer denominational undenominational delinquency 
discontinuance. Undistinguishable employed employer un- 
employed disestablish unexampled externality extraordi- 
narily Disfigured disfiguration phonografic out-general-ed 
glorify-ed government ungovernable ingratitude habitual. 
Habituated holiness short-hand hand-writing unhandy un- 
happiness heartlessness disheartened. Imaginary imagination 
immediately unimportant infatuation infidelity inheritance 
iniquities-ous uninstructed. Enlarged longer longest what- 
ever whatsoever wherever wherefore. Wherein whereof 
whereon whereunto justice injustice larger largest man- 
ufacturer monopolize. 

Dismember-ed remember unremembered probability im- 
probable proclamation prognostication unproductive. Privi- 
leged republican unpublished unquestionable rulable repre- 
sentation irregularity respectability resemblance. Eemark- 
able satisfaction unsatisfactory secretaryship school-master 
school-district school-house signification insignificant 
strengthened. Sublimity suggested suggestive suggestively 
suspected tachygraphic university universality valuation. 



OF TakigrIfy. 



137 







-7 -- ? ^ "l ^, ^ ^ 



138 The Hand-Book 

Sec. 73. Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline. 

(See Remark at the bottom of page 140.) 

Key to Opposite Page. 

The words commencing each line in the engraved page are capitalized. 
The words to be contrasted are not separated by comnias : 
Abandoned abundant, abase base bias, beast boast biased 
bestow beset, bindery boundary binder. Bright broad, 
brightens broadens, brightness broadness, broth breath 
birth, barrel burial barley. Absolute obsolete, compatible 
computable, pitiable potable, patted petted pitied puttied, 
probation approbation prohibition. Persecute prosecute, 
persecution prosecution, apportion portion, preparation 
proportion appropriation, proportioned proportionate, prop- 
erty propriety appropriate. Perspective prospective, pre- 
scribe proscribe, petrify putrify, petrifaction putrifaction, 
patron pattern, pester poster pasture. Apology pillage 
pledge, pulse police policy, planet plenty pliant com- 
pletion compulsion compilation, placid pellucid. Per- 
haps propose, part port, party pretty purity, protection 
production prediction, pertain appertain, pretend portend. 
Parade parody period, approach preach parch perch porch, 
prefer proffer, pervious previous, peruse. Pursue pierce, 
perspire prosper, priest pressed, poorest purest pursuit, 
person parson, percent personate present. Parcel parasol 
parsley, Prussia Persia, Persian Parisian Prussian, operation 
oppression, permanent preeminent prominent. Permanence 
preeminence prominence, perilous peerlees powerless, precise, 
process spirit separate support, separating spiriting supporting. 
God good guide, garden guardian, cost caused, collision 
collusion coalition, corporal corporeal, creature creator. 
Sacred secret, exterminate extremity data date dote debt 
doubt diet duet ditty duty. Auditor daughter debtor 
deter editor doubter, auditory dietary, defense defiance 
defines. Defer differ defray devour, adverse diverse divers 
divorce, decease disease diocese. Deceased diseased dis- 
tribute disturbed, adultery idolatry, diligent indulgent 
indigent. Diligence indulgence indigence, damnation domi- 
nation dimension, desolate dissolute, adorns durance. 



OF Takigrafj. 



139 



Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline. 

t^ 4^ U-^ I— s l-^ ^v-^ Uv U d— 1 d ly J u . 

^'V \V^^ U-^ i^ \~^ i-. i^ b U-^J^ 

'^ ^ (P^ ' ^ -r -I — 



■~^- 



—IJi 



r^-^-9 

-^y^ 



-^^ 



^ r^ -^ . 



140 The Hanb-Book 



Key to Opposite Page. 
Tartar traitor trader territory, tariff terrify trophy, tor- 
rent tyrant truant. City set seat sight sought, steady study 
stead stood staid. Train turn, vileness violence villainous, 
evolution volition violation, valuable available, violent 
valiant. Avocation vocation, invasion innovation, ever every 
over very, fiscal physical vesicle, fence fans feigns fines. 
Offense affiance, farce force furious, fallen flown, form 
farm frame firm, fairness furnace. Flail, furl furlow, funeral 
funereal, fretful fruitful, shortly shrewdly, assist essayest 
society. Thee they though thou thy, man men, impas- 
sioned impassionate impatient, machine mission motion 
emotion. Machinery missionary, cemetery symmetry, emi- 
grant immigrant, minister monster, ministry monastery. 
Necessity incest insist, inconcealable inconsolable, incon- 
vincible invincible invisible, inebriate inbred imbrued, end- 
less needless. Indefinite undefined, ingenious ingenuous, 
inevitable unavoidable, center centaur sentry. Signs sense 
science, assignees assigns, sinner sooner snare snore sneer 
scenery. Sinless sunless, star store starry story stray astray, 
elaborate labored, altitude latitude. Latter later letter 
lighter loiter lottery ultra, likely luckily locally, learnt 
learned. Reparation repression, orator writer, oratory artery, 
arrive review, arrival rival reveille. Rebel re-bel, resume 
reassume, round ruined renewed wronged, earlier railer 
roller ruler. Revelation revolution revulsion, leave live 
lave love, lead led load lad, gentle genteel. Raid read red 
road rude, rate right write rote root rout, equality quality. 



Bemark. —In applying the principles of contraction, a difference of out- 
line is possible in many cases. Words of the same consonant letters can be 
written with or without vowels, and with a greater or less degree of con- 
traction. The forms chosen, as taught in the previous chapter, should be 
such as to best indicate the nature of the vowel, and its place in the outline. 
An observance of these principles leads of itself to a sufficient difference of 
outline in most cases to insure legibility. It is not necessary that all words 
should be distinguished by a difference of outline. If two words are writ- 
ten alike, their nature and use frequently make them sufficiently intelligible ; 
but in some other cases the context will not serve to make the meaning 
clear without a difference of outline. The preceding list embraces words 
that it is well generally to distinguish. 



OF Takigraft. 



141 



Words Distinguished by Difference of Outline. 



"7 ^^ 



o 






''Jrx -TTN 



oy 



^^ 



yv^y\j y~y^^ L^ ^ y\ ^^ /-^ 
y{ ^\J A^yT y^x^y~^y yyy)y)yf 



142 The Hand-Book 

-v. 

Sec. 74. Special Methods of Abbreviation, etc. 

In most kinds of work the student will be able to make 
abbreviations not given in the text-books. Frequently recur- 
ring phrases maybe shortened to any desirable extent, though 
they might be quite unintelligible used in any other connec- 
tion. In a rail-road oflS.ce, for instance, the name of the oom- 
pany, and of the leading connecting lines, may be used so 
frequently as to be intelligible with the slightest indication ; 
and in the dictation of letters, the employer may be partial to 
certain modes of expression, which recur with such frequency 
that to write them in full would be quite unnecessary. Ex- 
amples of this kind are given with key. 
Initial Letters. 

In some cases the long-hand initials may be found conven- 
ient, especially where the letters occur that are not used with 
their proper phonetic significance ; as, C. B. and Q., for Chi- 
cago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. A. B. C. F. M. for 
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, etc. 
If, however, the initials are written in Takigrafic letters, C 
may be indicated by Es-E, and Q by Ka-Ew, G soft by Ja-E, 
hard G by Ga, Ph by P, etc. See illustrations. 
Sec. 75. Transcription. 

Having acquired facility in writing, and in reading what 
he has written, the student will need, before engaging in pro- 
fessional work, to be able to transcribe his writing in a correct 
manner. He must understand paragraphing and punctuation, 
and the art generally of reproducing in a readable form, 
speeches, debates, trials, etc. , which are in many cases, full 
of errors to be corrected, and redundancies to be eliminated. 

Rem. 1.— In some kinds of work the student will have no difficulties of this 
kind. If a corresponding clerk in a business house or office, his employer 
will be quite likely to dictate letters and other memoranda in the form in 
which he wishes them written. Lectures also and set speeches of a polished 
character may generally be reproduced without alteration. Now if the 
student wishes to reproduce what he has written accurately, he must indi- 
cate in his manuscript every full pause, ev. ry abrupt transition, and may 
frequently mark the paragraphs, which will be more readily understood 
when listening to the discourse than when reading the notes. If, how- 
ever, the work is of a different nature, as in reporting extemporaneous 
speeches, which abound in repetitions, and in which the language is chosen 



OF Takigrafy! 143 



with little regard to fitness or perspicuity, it is often necessary to condense 
the language, or in many cases to change it altogether ; and in such cases, 
the reporter who can produce the " best report in the fewest number of 
words," is the best reporter. 

Hem. 2.— Whether the reports of our judicial proceedings shall be con- 
densed, is a question for the courts themselves, or for the lawyers who 
employ reporters, to decide. The present practice is not uniform, though 
some condensation is, we think, necessary and generally allowed. 

Sec. 76. Punctuation. 
The common marks for punctuation may be used in Takig- 
rafy, as in common manuscript. In note-taking only the 
principal pauses need be inserted. The following additional 
marks may be found of service. 

, ( ) ^ ^ ^ ^ , .. 

Doubt, Parentheses, Applause, Dash, Laughter, Index, Paragraph, Hyphen. 

Sec. 77. Aids. 
1.— The student has already been advised of the importance 
of providing himself with dictionaries, cyclopedias and 
gazetteers, for reference. In some kinds of work he will need 
other books. A library of miscellaneous works might, on 
occasion, be serviceable ; but this is a luxury that every stu- 
dent cannot expect to command, unless he is in connection 
with some public institution ; and in that case he ought, at 
least, to know the worth of books, and how to use them. 

Rem. 1.— Suppose, for instance, you are writing out the deposition of 
witnesses, and have failed to get the proper spelling of the names of the 
witnesses ; if in a city, you may find them in the City Directory. Or, suppose 
that a lawyer has ended a brilliant speech with a still more brilliant quo- 
tation from some well-known author, which was delivered too rapidly for 
perfect writing ; it is then convenient to have the work at hand from which 
the selection was made. 

These are mere hints, which the student will improve, by availing himself 
of all aids and means of information that come in his way. He should not 
trust too much to his own memory, or acquired sources of information, 
though the more he can do to render these tinist- worthy, the better it will be 
for him in his work. 

Rem. 2.— There are other special aids which the young reporter or aman- 
uensis can avail himself of, such as the short-hand magazines published 
in the interest of his profession. If he neglects to take these, he deprives 
himself of aid and assistance peculiarly appropriate. Takigrafers will 



144 The Hand-Book 

naturally take the Takigrafic publications ; they should also take, if possible, 
the leading magazines devoted to Phonography. Some of the Phonographic 
works will also be found useful in giving suggestions of a miscellaneous 
character. If lawyers, physicians and clergymen have their libraries, and 
magazines devoted to their profession, why should the young reporter re- 
gard himself as independent of such aids ? His profession is no less exten- 
sive than theirs and if his present position does not call for any great skill or 
for much information, it certainly cannot be amiss for him to be pre- 
pared for one higher and and more exacting. 

Sec. 78. Concluding Instructions. 

The instruction given in the preceding pages, if well and faithfully fol- 
lowed, will lead the student to a correct and sufficiently brief reporting 
style. Should he, however, reach this portion of the work before gaining 
sufficient speed to follow a moderate speaker with accuracy, he should 
consider carefully in what his deficiencies consist. If he has neglected 
the manual drills prescribed in the Elements and in the Manual, he 
should go back to the beginning and commence right. Until a pupil has 
learned to write the alphabet, the vocal and the consonantal signs, in ten 
seconds, and has learned to write two letters joined with nearly the same 
facility as one, he has no foundation on which to build a rapid style of writ- 
ing. Even more than this, the hand Itself must be trained to skill in the 
use of the pen by varied exercise ; and long continued practice. 

If this preliminary work has Jbeen well done, the student should review 
the work, and see that every special feature of contraction is thoroughly 
Miastered. No student, we presume, will neglect the tables of word and 
phrase-signs, which should be made as familiar as the alphabet. But, in 
addition to this, the writing exercises throughout the work, after the pro- 
per outlines are once secured, should be written from dictation repeatedly, 
until they can be written with great freedom, as well as accuracy. 

The student who is desirous of reaching the highest measure of success 
will avail himself of every opportunity tc practice what he has thus ac- 
quired. He should not leave this text bo k until he has approximated a 
speed of 150 words a minute, and until he is able to write certain portions 
of it at a 1 ore rapid rate than this. 

Having accomplished so much, he should settle down upon some special 
line af study and practice. If he attempts to apply the the art to all 
branches of literature and science that may chance to come in his way, 
without any method, he will waste much valuable time, and gain but little 
advantage. We do not object to the practice of reporting sermons, lectures, 
and speeches, on almost any subject that may chance to come in his way. 
This will do no harm and may do much good. But this should not be re- 
garded as serious study. In addition to this, he must statedly and persist- 
e tly foUow some special line of study that will fit him for the practical 
v7ork in which he expects to engage. This work may be determined for 
him by circumstances, as in the case of students in our professional schools. 



OF Takigrafy/ 14 



D 



or of those who are akeady acquainted with some professional practice, or 
have some special scientific acquirements. But if the students are young 
men or young ladies with no classical or professional training, they can 
select some special field for culture until actual employment settles this 
question for them. 

When actually ?ettled in any kind of work, study the best outlines for the 
words and phrases of frequent occurrence. As these words and phrases 
differ indefinitely in different kinds of employment, they cannot be fuUy 
treated in the text-books ; but any competent itstructor can furnish con- 
tracted outlines for them. If such assistance is not at hand the student 
should learn to rely on his own invention to devise contractions for special 
cases as they arise. These contractions should be formed in harmony with 
the principles of the system, and form a natural part of it. Such contrac- 
tions are expected and provided for : and the student that uses them need 
not feel that he goes beyond the system. He is only using in new and 
special ways, the principles previously acquired. However, the student 
should observe that an excess of invention will rather hinder than help him 
in getting speed. The contracted outlines need not be very numerous. 
They should never be allowed to become burdensome . 




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OF Takigraf¥. 149 

WRiTma Exercise 22. 

Writing. — Whatever be the fate of this or that system, 
though every author perish without a name, yet the art of 
writing is not only commanding in its origin and history, but 
is beautiful in its graceful perfections, and imposing in its 
proper imagery. The true imagery of writing is culled, then, 
from the sublime and beatiful in nature ; and here the mind 
cannot but contemplate its advent among the Hebrews with 
mingled emotions of veneration, awe, devotion, admiration, 
and pleasure. The summit of Sinai is clad with vivid light- 
nings, and rocked by the awful thunders of the Eternal, while 
amid the conflicting elements and blazonry of heaven's artil- 
lery the pen of the Law-giver is put forth to give his divine 
law, and the first tracings of this proud art to man. There- 
he grouped in lessened lines the sun in his glory, and the 
moon in her unshorn majesty, the varied shore, the straits, 
the indentations, the sparkling islands, and culminating waves 
of the ocean. He blent the windings of the Euphrates and 
Jordan with the oaks of Bashan and the cedars of Lebanon ; 
with the rambow of the cloud he capped the tall pines of 
Idumea, and mingled the rich shrubbery of Paradise with the 
spiral furs of Sidonia. Every dot was a star, and every cross 
[dash] a hue of light from the eternal hills ; and when the 
whole was finished, this wondrous art flamed out from the 
bosom of the rock, bearing the solemn and divine injunction 
of the moral law, as rules of action for all mankind.— Key to 
Spencer's Penmanship. 

Writing Well.— When a man would speak well, he must 
conceive clearly the ideas which he desires to express ; and if he 
would write well, he must have distinctly impressed on his mind 
the characters which he means to exhibit. To illustrate the 
second essential of good writing, viz., power of execution, by 
the same analogy, however just and clear a man's conceptions 
may be, if his utterance be labored, slow, and timid, his dis- 
course will be imperfect and unsatisfactory. In like manner 
if the letters be well formed, but combined and arranged with- 
out ease or gracefulness, the writing will never be thouo-ht 
beautiful or pleasing. By long experience and observation in 



150 The Hand-Book 

teacliing, we are induced to believe that But a small proportion 
of minds are deficient in the faculty of apprehending propor- 
tionate forms and happy blending of imagery, reflected through 
the medium of the eye. Such apprehension is generally devel- 
oped with the greatest quickness, particularly when the judg- 
ment is assisted in its decisions by the active power and happy 
opportunity of comparison presented. Imagery, commended 
to our favorable notice and selection when young, by those we 
love, and on whose judgment we depend, or left unforbidden to 
voluntary selection amid our school-boy scenes, when the young 
heart first begins to revel amid Nature's varied charms, and 
drink the smiles from friendship's sun-lit brow, makes a deep 
and lasting impression, which time and toil and age can scarce- 
ly mar, and never obliterate. Such is our nature. It is the 
poetry as well as the reality of our existence, embalming the 
scenery we loved in the innocent days of untried being. 

Better is it for the novitiate in the art of writing to sit down 
alone with his materials and copy the moon in aU her phases, 
borrow from the serpentinings of the brook that meanders at 
his feet, bring the Lombardy poplar to his aid, follow the curve 
of the pendent willow from tendril to stamen, and bind the 
whole with the undulating folds of the woodbine, and then 
call it chirography, than depend for a model of his hand on 
those miserable productions that, without form or comeHness, 
pain and perplex, and against the worship of which there is no 
command, either specified or implied. He would thus have 
more of nature, and therefore more of the true art of writmg. 

Thus, the proper images of writing being implanted m the 
mind, by having them early before the eye, are adopted by the 
judgment after comparison has done its labor, and doubt has 

•'^'^ased 

^ The power to bring forth such imagery on paper is latent in 
the arm, forearm, hand, and lingers, and can only be devel- 
oped by exercises that affect these auxiliary localities, and 
bring a four-fold power to act conjointly with ease and skill. 
Without a free and unobstructed constant horizontal move- 
ment from right to left, through the whole line, the writmg 
will be wanting in harmony of slope, ease, and truthfulness 
of combination. But when all these movements are practiced 



OF Takigra^y. 151 



fully and systematically, all the muscles from the shoulder 
downwards develop themselves rapidly, and power is gained 
over the pen to bring forth the adopted imagery of the mind 
in all the grace and elegance that spring from just proportions 
and easy execution. 

Practice, to be sure, is indispensable in bringing to perfection 
any art, science, or profession. 

The pupil must not expect to be able at once to execute what 
he fully comprehends. Patience and energy are required to 
attain a thorough and perfect command of hand. There is 
no royal road by which idleness and indifference may find 
their way to a goal which is only to be reached by diligent and 
well-directed application. The only process really short is 
such as is made so by commencing in a right manner from the 
outset, securing the advantage of the instructions of an ex- 
perienced teacher till the object is accomplished. And when 
the object is accomplished, how beautiful and imposing are 
the specimens of art which the proficient is able to produce ! 
The eye glances along the well- written page with as much 
pleasure as it rests on a beautiful grove when nature and art 
have unitedly tasked themselves to blend the greatest variety 
with the utmost symmetry.— Spencer's Penmanship. 



Writing Exercise 23. 

The Armor of Eric. 
There was deep and wondrous meaning 

In that northern legend, old, 
That when Eric forged his armor 

From his lips an anthem rolled, • 

Rolled above the sounding anvil 
Diapasons high and brave, 

Telling of the victors laurel. 

Telling of the heroes grave. 

There he stood, the svv^art and earnest, 
Turning in his brawny ha.nds, 

Many an helmet on his anvil, 

For the knights of many lands. 

And the high heroic music. 

Mingling with the hammer's peal. 
Gave to Eric's armor virtue 

Never known before to steel. 



152 The Hand-Book 



Over all shone Eric's helmets 

In the van like warrior stars, 

Dazzling flashed the sacred armor 
On the battles sounding cars. 

Helm and Hauberk were enchanted 
In that old and wondrous time, 

For he made his simple smithy 

Glorious with the martial rhyme. 

There's a nobler, grander armor, 

Than the north-men ever made, 

That the human soul must fashion 
When her battle is arrayed, 

When the lists of life are open. 

When the demon shadow falls. 

When the trump of truth is sounding 
Many a charge on errors walls. 

Let us. when we forge that armor 

Think and whisper holy thought. 

Hymns to which the Pauls and Stephens 
Many a mighty armor wrought. 

Helm and Hauberk then enchanted 
By the high and holy rhyme, 

Shall forever bear us scathless 

On the battle field of time. 



BREVITIES. 

We make laws, but we follow customs. 

A good man will never teach what he does not believe. 

They never find God who seek Him solely by reasoning. 

A clear conscience is the best law, and temperance the best 
physic. 

The human heart is like heaven, — the more angels the more 
room for them. 

Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful, we 
must carry it with us, or we find it not. 

Let us at least commence the day with words of kindness, 
for even the birds sing praise to their Creator every morning. 

Anecdote. — '' How do you know," said a traveler to a poor, 
wandering Arab of the desert, '*that there is a God?" "In 
the same manner," he replied, "that I trace the footsteps of 
of an animal, — by the prints it leaves upon the sand." 



OF Takigra*fy. 153 



Writing Exercise 24. 

Freedom and Patriotism. God lias stamped upon our very 
liumanity the impress of freedom. It is the unchartered pre- 
rogative of human nature. A soul ceases to be a soul, in 
proportion as it ceases to be free. Strip it of this, and you 
strip it of one of its essential and characteristic attributes. 
Every people is attached to its country just in proportion as 
it is free. No matter if that country be in the rocky fastnesses 
of Switzerland, amidst the snows of Tartary, or on the 
most barren and lonely island-shore ; yet, when the songs of 
those free homes chance to fall upon the exile's ear, no soft 
and ravishing airs that wait upon the timid f eastings of Asiatic 
opulence ever thrilled the heart with such mingled rapture 
and agony as those simple tones. Sad mementos might they 
be of poverty and want and toil ; yet it was enough that they 
were mementos of happy freedom. 

I have seen my countrymen, when a fellow wanderer in 
other lands ; and little did I see or feel to warrant the appre- 
hension, sometimes expressed, that foreign travel would 
weaken our patriotic atta^chments. One sigh for home — home, 
arose from all hearts. And why, from palaces and courts — 
why, from galleries of the arts, where the marble softens into 
life, and painting sheds an almost living presence of beauty 
around it — why, from the mountain's awful brow, and the 
lonely valleys and lakes, touched with the sunset hues of old 
romance — why, from those venerable and touching ruins to 
-which our very heart grows — why, from all these scenes, were 
they looking beyond the swellings of the Atlantic wave, to a 
dearer and holier spot of earth — their own, own country? 
Doubtless, it was in part because it is their country ! But it 
was also, because they knew that there was no oppression, no 
pitiful exaction of petty tyranny, no accredited and irresist- 
ible religious domination, no odious soldier at every corner, 
or swarms of imploring beggars, the victims of misrule ; be- 
cause there was liberty — upon all the green hills, and amidst 
all the peaceful villages — liberty, the wall of fire around the 
humblest home ; the crown of glory, studded with her ever- 
Iblazing stars, upon the proiidest mansion I O^YiLLEt D£WEY. 



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156 The Hand-Book 

specimens of business letters. 

(Key to Opposite Page.) 

New York, Oct. 31, 1882. 
Mr. James Blanchard, Chicago. 

Dear Sir :— We take pleasure in sending this day, 
by your order, the enclosed invoice of goods, amounting to One Thousand 
Dollars ; subject to 10 per cent, discount. 

Your references being entirely satisfactory, we have no hesitation in 
opening an account, and allowing you our best terms. Trusting that the 
goods, which are sent by express, will arrive safely, and meet your faror, 
We are Yours Truly, 

ALEXANDER SMITH & CO. 



Buffalo, Nov. 10, 1882. 
Messrs. A. B. Harris & Co., New York. 

Dear Sir :— Enclosed find P. O. Order for $23.00, for which please send 
by the American Express, the following goods : 

4 Lancaster Table Spreads, at $1.50 $ 6.00 

10 Yds. Waterproof Cloth, 5 black, and 5 blue, 1.00 10.00 

20 Yds. Calico, brown, with small figure, 10 2.00 

30 " " white, with small pink dot, 15 4.50 

2 Linen Handkerchiefs 25 .50 



Yours, 



Total $23.00 

J. HAMMERSMITH. 



s. J. L. Merritt & Co., 

We he^ to acknowledge receipt 
of your esteemed favor of the 15th inst., by which we note that First of 
Exchange for £900 remittance per " Western Umpire,'' reached you in due 
course. 

Second of Exchange was forwarded to you on the 10th inst., per " City of 
Berlin.'' 

We have had no tidings of the " City of Berlin " since her departure from 
this port ; but as the weather has been favorable, we hope soon to hear of 
her safe arrival on your side. 

As soon as the claims for short delivery have been finally adjusted, we 
will forward you closed accounts, together with remittance for the balance. 

London, September 25, 1882. 

BARING BROS. 



OF Takigraty. 



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T»fTiMO¥Y Reported by Samuel Purnell, op San Francisco, Gal. 
(Contributed in Takigrafy to Browne's Phonographic Monthly.) 
Mr. C. Stone, examined by Commissioner Coyle. 

Question.— Can you, sir, state any principle establishing commutation 
rates, monthly ticket, or other tickets entitling parties to ride without 
payment in advance for each ride, except what you have already given as 
to the established rules about rates of fare ? 

Mr. Stone.— We have no universal rule governing commutation rates, 
round trip tickets, &c., but they are made usually where people dwelling in 
the country can go into large cities and out the same day, where hotel bills 
do not have to be incurred. Low rates are based a good deal on that idea, 
also on the number of persons or commuters to be accommodated. 

Question.— Then no rule can be given concerning them, you think. They 
are fixed with reference to the general character of the business, and its 
magnitude, with some consideration for the speedy and healthy develop- 
ment of the country, also keeping a sharp look-out for the treasury of 
the road ? 

Answer.— Yes, that is it exactly. I know of no rule by which such things 
can be calculated. It is a matter of good judgment for each individual 
case as it arises. 

Question.— Is there economy in taking a through-ticket, to your ultimate 
destination ? If so, how much, what percentage is that economy, may I 
inquire ? 

Answer.— The saving is perhaps equal to some 25 per cent, or more, all 
round. But one road does not stand all the reduction ; it is shared by all 
the roads proportionally, generally according to their mileage, but some- 
times other elements creep in which vary that somewhat. As I have said 
before, I do not know how to teUyou these things in rules, because it is a 
matter of judgment, of friendly compromise and the like. 

Question.— When charges of rates are varied how do they change, are 
they mostly in favor of a reduction ? 

Answer.— Almost always. I cannot at this moment remember that we ever 
voluntarily raised rates. Such an act would generally not be a position 
based on good policy. It might also be ineffective as a finality, and the 
public would be pretty sure to look upon it as declaratory of an overmas- 
tering desire to get rich too suddenly, and hostile legislation would be 
Invited. 



OF Takigrafy. 



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SPECIMEN OF LAW REPORTING. 
Address of Hon. Chas. S. May; furnished by E. P. Goodrich. 
If your Honor please, — Gentlemen of the Jury : — 
In my whole experience as an advocate and public speaker I have seldom 
if ever, felt impressed with such emban*assment as I now feel in rising to 
close the argument for the people in this most important cause. Called 
here without previous knowledge of the facts farther than as a citizen I had 
read in the public prints, I do not enjoy the advantage of that intimate 
acquaiQtance with all the ramifications of this evidence, that knowledge 
of witnesses, their history, their character, which my brothers on either side 
have enjoyed throughout this trial. Coming here in the hue of my pro- 
fessional duty, I find a most extraordinary case. I find that a great crime 
has been committed by somebody : a crime that imperils your habitations, 
your public structures, the very lives of your citizens. I say I find that a 
great crime has been committed, because it is not claimed here by my 
brothers on the other side that the burning of Armory Hall was acciden- 
tal. The fire was set by somebody. Who set it ? That is the question which 
you are to decide. Gentlemen of the jury, I am here to assist you in the 
discharge of this duty, and I beg you to believe that what I shall say to you 
to-night is prompted by no spirit of m ilice or persecution against anybody. 
I am here to assist the prosecution, which I believe has been conducted as 
carefully, as candidly, as any prosecution that was ever commenced in the 
State of Michigan. I have seen prosecutions, as you may have seen, as all 
lawyers and men of experience have seen, prosecutions marked by bitterness 
prosecutions that have degenerated iato mere persecutions ; but such is not 
the case here, and I am glad to be able to say this much upon my respon- 
sibility as a man and a lawyer in your presence to relieve, if it should be 
thought necessary, this prosecuting ofBcer from all imputations that have 
been cast upon him. Under such facts as have been divulged before you, 
what was the duty of the prosecuting officer of this county? Can any man 
say that he would have been justified under his oath of office, on his public 
duty and conscience in passing this case by, in entering a nolle prosequi in 
the court upon it ? As he told you to-day, and I cannot doubt his word 
when I see this mass of work he has accomplished ; he has spent nearly a 
year of work in bringing this case to your attention, and yet, gentlemen, 
in the discharge of this duty, in the performance of this Herculean labor, 
he could have been actuated by no motive except the motive of the pub- 
lic good and the public safety. 



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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, 
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal sta- 
tion to which the laws of Nature, and Nature's God entitle them, a decent 
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

V/e hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; 
that they are en J owed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed : that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foun- 
dation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown 
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than 
to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throve off such government, and to provide 
new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance 
of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature— a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved repr sentative houses repeatedly for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolution, to cause others to 
be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihil tion, have 
returned to the people at large for their exercise, the state remaining, in 
the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and 
convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States : for that 
purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. 

He has effected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 



OF Takigrafy. 



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He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our government : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundereh our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to iDecome the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In ever:/ stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend 
an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed 
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by 
the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would 
inevitably interrupt our connections .and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, 
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, 
as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of 
the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and 
ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, 
they have fuU power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alhances, estab- 
lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm 
reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge t© 
each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



OF Takigrafy. 167 



Declaration of Independence. (Concluded.) 









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